Table 2.
Study characteristics.
| Study | Sample size, n | Age (years), mean (SD; range) | Sex or gender | Race or ethnicity | Location | Movement behaviors |
| Andorko et al [48],a 2019 | 39 university students | 20.22 (1.59; 18-25) | 56% female | 38% Asian, 23% Black or African American, 28% White, 8% multiracial, 3% other, and 3% Hispanic | United States | PAb,c,d and SBb,c,e |
| Bedard et al [49],a 2017 | 86 first-year university students | 18.3 (0.51; —f) | 53% female and 47% male | 30% Asian, 7% South Asian, 6% Middle Eastern, 4% Black, 2% Indigenous, and 4% multiracial | Canada | PAg |
| Bernstein et al [50],a,h 2019 | 76 undergraduate students | 19.80 (1.24; 18-22) | 70% female and 29% male | 42.11% White, 7.89% African American, 34.21% Asian or Asian American, 2.63% Native American or American Indian, 11.84% multiracial, and 5.26% Hispanic or Latinx | United States | PAb |
| Bruening et al [42],a 2016 | 41 university students | 18.72 (0.50; —) | 27% male | 51% White, 10% Black, 12% multiracial or other, and 27% Hispanic | United States | PAb and SBb |
| Burke et al [51],a 2022 | 119 undergraduate students | 19.87 (1.75; 18-26) | 89.1% female | 63.9% White, 15.1% Asian, 6.7% Black, 5% multiracial, 8.4% other, 0.8% preferred not to answer, and 8.4% Hispanic | United States | Sleepc,g |
| Das-Friebel et al [52],a 2020 | 101 undergraduate students | 19.70 (1.09; 18-22) | 65.3% female | — | The United Kingdom | Sleepc,g |
| Gilchrist et al [53],a 2021 | 89 undergraduate students | 20.39 (1.59; 18-29) | 53% female | 75% White | United States | PAb |
| Kim et al [54],a 2015 | 22 undergraduate students | 21.9 (2.6; —) | 90.9% male and 9.1% female | — | Japan | PAg |
| Kono et al [55],a 2022 | 83 undergraduate students | 20.24 (1.37; —) | 60.2% female | — | Japan | PAb, sleepb |
| MacIntyre et al [56],a 2020 | 74 undergraduate students | 20.4 (1.63; 18-25) | 100% women | 59.5% Black, 41.9% White, and 12.2% other races | United States | PAc,g |
| Maher et al [57],a 2020 | 50 first-year university students | (—; 18-19) | 70% female | 100% Black; 4% White; 2% another racial group; and 18% Hispanic, Latinx, or Spanish | United States | PAg |
| Maher et al [58],a 2022 | Same sample as Maher et al [58] | Same sample as Maher et al [57] | Same sample as Maher et al [57] | Same sample as Maher et al [57] | United States | PAg and sleepc,g |
| Marquet et al [43],a 2017 | 47 university students; subsample from Marquetet al [59] | 19.5 (2.1; —) | 49% female and 51% male | 70% White, 21% Asian, and 9% other | United States | PAb,c,g |
| Marquet et al [59],a 2018 | 74 university students | 19.6 (—) | 50% female and 50% male | 77% White | United States | PAb,c,g |
| Mead and Irish [60],a 2022 | 79 university students | 19.01 (1.16; 18-25) | 58.2% female and 41.8% male | 83.5% White, 5.1% Black, and 11.4% Asian | United States | Sleepc,g |
| Miller et al [61],k 2004 | 83 first-year university students | 18.3 (0.9; —) | 55.4% female | 66.3% White, 24.10% Asian, 2.4% African American, 4.8% other, and 2.4% Hispanic | United States | PAc and sleepc |
| Milyavskaya et al [62],a 2018 (study 1) | 159 first-year university students | 18.0 (1.04; —) | 72% female | — | Canada | PAb and sleepb |
| Nadell et al [44],a 2015 | 188 young adults | 21.32 (—) | 53.2% female | 61.7% White, 13.3% Black, 4.3% Asian or Pacific Islander, 4.3% other, and 16.5% Hispanic | United States | PAc |
| Parsons et al [63],a 2022 | 101 young adults | 21.69 (1.91; 18-24) | 84.2% female and 15.8% male | — | United Kingdom | Sleepc |
| Ponnada et al [45],a 2022 | Pilot: 15 young adults; main study: 81 young adults | Pilot: —; 18-24; main study: 21.7 (2.4; —) | 45% female and 55% male | 54% White, 46% Asian or Pacific Islander, 9% Black, 7% Native Indian or Alaska Native, and 37% Hispanic | United States | PAb,g and SBb,g |
| Romanzini et al [64],a 2019 | 126 young adults | —; 18-25 | — | — | Brazil | SBb,g |
| Runyan et al [65],a,h 2013 | 81 first-semester undergraduate students | 18.26 (0.49; —) | 56.8% female and 43.2% male | 93.8% White | United States | PAb,c |
| Sala et al [66],a 2017 | 129 university students | 19.19 (1.40; 17-23) | 100% female | 51.2% European American, 26.4% Asian, 10.1% multiracial, 5.4% Black, and 6.2% Hispanic | United States | PAb |
| Sano et al [67],a 2018 | 201 university students | —; 18-25 | 35.8% female and 64.2% male | — | United States | PAb,g and sleepb,g |
| Shah et al [68],a 2021 | 14 young adults | 21.6 (2.8; —) | 71.4% female | — | United States | PAg and sleepg |
| Sladek et al [69],a 2020 | 61 young adults | 20.91 (0.36; —) | 25% male | 51% White or European American, 5% Black or African American, 5% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 10% multiracial, and 6.1% Hispanic or Latinx | United States | Sleepc,g |
| Sperry et al [70],a 2018 | 49 university students | 19.3 (1.7; 18-25) | 77.6% female | 36.7% White or European American, 8% African American, 8.2% Asian or Pacific Islander, 4.1% biracial, 6.1% preferred not to answer, and 6.1% Hispanic or Latinx | United States | PAb |
| Sperry and Kwapil [71],a 2022 | 233 young adults | 18.81 (1.04; —) | 71% female | 52% White, 22% Asian, and 13% Black | United States | Sleepc |
| Strahler et al [46],a,i 2016 | 33 university students | 22.8 (3.3; —) | — | — | Germany | PAc,g |
| Titone et al [72],a 2020 | 107 young adults | 21.82 (2.16; 18-27) | 55% female | 59.8% White, 17.8% Black or African American, 11.2% Asian, 0.9% American Indian or Alaskan Native, 3.7% Biracial, and 3.7% other race | United States | Sleepg |
| von Haaren et al [73],a 2013 | 29 university students | 21.3 (1.7; —) | — | — | Germany | PAg |
| von Haaren et al [74],a,h 2016 | 61 university students | 21.4 (1.8; —) | 100% male | — | Germany | PAg,j |
| van Woerden and Bruening [47],a,i 2022 | 805 first-year university students | — | 71% female and 29% male | 49% White, 11% Black, 14% other, and 27% Hispanic | United States | PAb |
| Walter et al [75],h 2013 | 23 apprentices | 19.43 (1.85; —) | 52.2% female and 47.8% male | — | Germany | PAg |
| Wen et al [76],a 2022 | 96 university students | 21.4 (2.92; —) | 38.9% male | — | China | PAg and sleepg |
| Wu et al [77],a 2021 | 1584 university students | — | 62% female | — | United States | PAg and sleepg |
| Yap et al [78],a 2022 | 89 undergraduate students | 20.54 (1.64; —) | 76.5% female, 20.5% male, and 3% other | 84.7% Asian, 9.2% White or European, and 6.1% other race | Australia | Sleepc,j |
aObservational study design.
bData were collected via electronic ecological momentary assessment.
cData were collected via a recall survey (daily, weekly, or longer) or diary.
dPA: physical activity.
eSB: sedentary behavior.
fNot reported.
gData were collected via an accelerometer (or a pedometer).
hRandomized controlled trial component within the study design.
iSecondary analysis.
jData collection via another method.
kQuasi-experimental study design.