Table 3.
Electronic ecological momentary assessment procedures.
| Study | Incentives | Technology | Prompt modality | Monitoring period | Prompt design | Response window and reminders |
| Andorko et al [48] | Course extra credit and monetary compensation | Smartphonea,b; SurveySignal (SurveySignal) platform | Text message with link | 1 week; 7:30 AM-10:30 PM | Time based (RICc); 6 per day; 2-hour intervals | 20 minutes |
| Bedard et al [49] | US $10 gift card for baseline questionnaire and to wear accelerometer; US $1 gift card per promptd | Smartphonea,b; ilumivu (ilumivu) app | Smartphone notification | 5 days; 9 AM-11 PM | Time based (RIC); 7 per day; 2-hour intervals | —e |
| Bernstein et al [50] | Course creditd | Smartphonea; LifeData (LifeData, LLC) app | Smartphone notification | 5 days per wave; 3 waves 4 weeks apart | Time based; 5 per day | — |
| Bruening et al [42] | Up to US $80d | Smartphonea,b,f; devilSPARC app [42]; Twilio (Twilio Inc) web service | Text message with link | 4 days (Wednesday-Saturday); 9 AM-10 PM | Time based (RIC); 8 per dayg; 3- to 4-hour intervals | 35 minutes; 2 reminders |
| Burke et al [51] | US $15 or course creditd | Smartphonea,b | Text message with link | 10 days; custom 12-hour window | Time based (RIC); 9 per day; 4-hour intervals; at least 1.5 hours apart | Incentive to respond in 30 minutes |
| Das-Friebel et al [52] | £5 (US $6.34) for baseline questionnaire; £2.50 (US $3.17) per dayd | Smartphonea; ilumivu (ilumivu) app | Smartphone notification | 14 days; 8 AM-10 PM weekdays and 10 AM-10 PM weekends | Time based, 6 random times per dayg; at least 1 hour apart | 20 minutes |
| Gilchrist et al [53] | Course credit and extra creditd | Smartphonea,b; PACO (Personal Analytics Companion Mobile; PACO Developers) app | Smartphone notification | 7 days; custom 12-hour window | Time based; 7 random times per day; at least 1 hour apart | 45 minutes |
| Kim et al [54] | — | Wrist-worn computerf | Beep on watch | 2 days | Time based (RIC) and event based; every 2 hours within 12 minutes (± 12 minutes) | 20 minutes |
| Kono et al [55] | 3000 yen (US $21.47) | Smartphonea,b; LifeData (LifeData, LLC) app | Smartphone notification | 7 days; 8 AM-10 PM | Time based; 7 per day; 2-hour intervals | 30 minutes |
| MacIntyre et al [56] | Course credit and up to US $20d | Smartphonea,b,f; LifeData (LifeData, LLC) app | Smartphone notification | 7 days; 9 AM-9 PM | Time based (RIC) and event based, 5 per dayg; at least 2 hours apart | 60 minutes |
| Maher et al [57] | — | Smartphoneb,f; MovisensXS (movisens GmbH) app | Smartphone notification | 7 days; 9:30 AM-10:30 PM | Time based (RIC); 5 per day; 1-hour intervals | 15 minutes; 3 reminders |
| Maher et al [58] | Same procedures as Maher et al [57] | Same procedures as Maher et al [57] | Same procedures as Maher et al [57] | Same procedures as Maher et al [57] | Same procedures as Maher et al [57] | Same procedures as Maher et al [57] |
| Marquet et al [43] | Entrance in a raffle of 8 gift cards worth US $50d | Smartphone; Pacer (Pacer Health Inc) step counting app; PACO (Personal Analytics Companion Mobile; PACO Developers) app |
Smartphone notification | 7 days | Time based; 3 per day | 60 minutes |
| Marquet et al [59] | Same procedures as Marquet et al [43] | Same procedures as Marquet et al [43] | Same procedures as Marquet et al [43] | Same procedures as Marquet et al [43] | Same procedures as Marquet et al [43] | Same procedures as Marquet et al [43] |
| Mead, and Irish [60] | Course credit and entry to raffle for 2 US $50 cash prizesd | Mobile phonea,b | Text message with link | 7 days | Time based and event based; 4 per day; customized times | None; email reminders |
| Miller et al [61] | US $120 | Handheld computerb,f | Computer alarm | 13 days (before, during, and after vaccination) | Time based; 4 per day; custom wake time | 60 minutes |
| Milyavskaya et al [62]; study 1 only | — | Smartphonea,b | Text message with link | 7 days; 10 AM-10 PM | Time based (RIC); 5 per day | — |
| Nadell et al [44] | — | Handheld computerb,f | Computer notification | 7 days | Time based and event based; 5-7 random times per day | — |
| Parsons et al [63] | Monetary vouchers plus additional compensationd | Smartphonea; Metricwire (Metricwire Inc) appb | Smartphone notification | 7 days; 10 AM-10 PM | Time based (RIC); 4 per day; initial between 10 AM and 12 PM; at least 2 hours apart | 20 minutes |
| Ponnada et al [45] | US $20 per month for wearing smartwatch; up to US $80 and was able to keep the smartwatchd | Smartwatchf; smartphonea; Study designed app [45]b | Smartphone and smartwatch notifications | 1 month of microassessments including two 4-day burst periods with traditional momentary assessments; custom waketime window | Time based and event based microassessments: 4 random times per hour at least 8 minutes apart; Burst periods: 1 per hour | 20 seconds |
| Romanzini et al [64] | — | Smartphonea; ilumivu (ilumivu) app | Smartphone notification | 7 days | Time based; weekdays: 8 per day; weekends: 9 per day; random every 2 hours | None; 3 reminders |
| Runyan et al [65] | Course credit; US $5 gift card for device return and complianced | Smartphone; iPod Touch (Apple Inc)a,b iHabit [65] app | Smartphone notification | 1 week per wave; 3 waves throughout an academic semester; 6 AM-11 PM | Time based; 5-7 per day | — |
| Sala et al [66] | Course credit or payment | Phonea,b; automated telephone system TelEMA [66] | Automated telephone calls | 7 days; custom 12-hour window | Time based (RIC); 4 per day; 3-hour intervals | 1.5 hours; voicemail reminder |
| Sano et al [67] | Monetary compensationd | Web-enabled devicea | Email with link | 1 month | Event based; 2 per day | 12 hours; email reminder |
| Shah et al [68] | — | Smartphonea; BrainE (University of California, San Diego, Business Affairs) app | Smartphone notification | 30 days; 8 AM-8 PM | Time based; 4 per day; every 4 hours | — |
| Sladek et al [69] | — | Web-enabled smartphonea | Unspecified | 8 days | Time based and event based; 4-5 per day | — |
| Sperry et al [70] | Course credit | Tabletb,f | Tablet flashing and alarm | 1 day; 6-9 hours | Time based; 12 random times approximately every 45 minutes | — |
| Sperry, and Kwapil [71] | Course credit. Raffle for US $100 gift cardd | Smartphonea,b | Smartphone notification | 14 days; 10 AM-10 PM | Time based (RIC), 8 per day; 1.5-hour intervals | 10 minutes |
| Strahler et al [46] | Course credit or 50 euros | iPod touchb,f | iPod notification | 5 days per wave, 2 waves including 1 at the beginning of the academic semester and 1 during final examination preparation | Time based; 5 per day; every 3-4 hours | — |
| Titone et al [72] | — | Mobile phonea,b | Text message | 20 days including 5 at baseline, 10 during the intervention, and 5 postintervention | Time-based varying intervals 3 per day (morning, afternoon, and evening) | — |
| von Haaren et al [73] | — | PDAf; My Experience (movisens GmbH) | Device alarm (vibrating) | 2 days; 10 AM-10 PM | Time based; every 2 hours | 15 minutes; 2 reminders |
| von Haaren et al [74] | Course creditd | Smartphonef; My Experience (movisens GmbH) | Smartphone notification | 2 days per wave; 3 waves (1 preintervention and 2 postintervention during examination weeks);10 AM-10 PM | Time based; every 2 hours within 5 minutes | None; 3 reminders |
| van Woerden, and Bruening [47] | Gift cards and product incentives for the larger study | Smartphonea,f; devilSPARC [47] app | Smartphone notification | 4 days (3 weekdays and 1 weekend day) per wave; 4 waves (September, October, February, and March) | Time based (RIC); 8 per day; 3- to 4-hour intervals; at least 30 minutes apart | 40 minutes |
| Walter et al [75] | — | PDAf; My Experience (movisens GmbH) | Device audible signal or vibration | 3 days (weekdays) per wave; 5 waves (preintervention; weeks 2, 6, and 10; and postintervention) | Time based and event based; 5 per day (within 15 minutes of waking, 10 AM, 1 PM, 4 PM, and 8 PM) and immediately, 20 minutes, and 40 minutes after training sessions | 20 minutes; 3 reminders |
| Wen et al [76] | 1-2 yuan (US $0.14-$0.28) per questionnaire | Not specifiedb; WeChat (Tencent) app | App notification of message with link | 7 days; 9 AM-8 PM | Time based; 5 times per day (9 AM, 11 AM, 3 PM, 5 PM, and 8 PM) | 60 minutes |
| Wu et al [77] | Course credit | Smartphonea; Beiwe (Harvard University Onnela Lab) app, email, or eDiary | Smartphone notification or email | 3 weeks; 9 AM-9 PM | Time based; 5 times per dayg (9 AM, 12 PM, 3 PM, 6 PM, and 9 PM) | — |
| Yap et al [78] | — | Not specifiedb; Metricwire (Metricwire Inc) app | App notification. backup SMS text messaging, or phone call | 15 days | Time based; 4 per day; (morning, afternoon, evening, and bedtime) | 90 seconds; hourly reminders |
aDevice provided by the participant.
bTraining provided to the participant.
cRIC: random interval contingent.
dIncentive prorated or dependent on minimum threshold compliance.
eNot reported.
fDevice provided by the study.
gEcological momentary assessment prompts included a daily recall survey.