Table 2.
Medical radiation hazards within catheter lab operators and paramedical staff
| Radiation-induced effects | Description | Author, year |
|---|---|---|
| Cancerogenesis | Fifteen cardiac cath lab personnel, median individual effective dose 46 mSv (IR 24–64)→risk of (fatal and nonfatal) cancer 1 in 192 (IR 1 in 137–370) | Venneri et al.13 |
| Two brain cancers in Ontario cardiologists→an unusual cluster | Finkelstein14 | |
| Six interventional cardiologists and 3 interventional radiologists with brain malignancies in the left hemisphere | Roguin et al.16 | |
| Non-cancerogenic | ||
| Reproductive | Eighty-three exposed and 51 non-exposed subjects→different semen motility, viability, morphological abnormalities, and DNA fragmentation (P < 0.05–0.0001); higher hypermethylated spermatozoa (P < 0.05) | Kumar et al.17 |
| Teratogenic | Ninety-three cath lab personnel (exposed 3 months prior to conception) and 164 age-matched unexposed subjects→low birth weight in offspring 13% vs. 5.3%, P = 0.02; increased azoospermia factor region c microdeletion and microduplications (1.53 ± 0.8 vs. 1.02 ± 0.4, P = 0.0005) | Andreassi et al.18 |
| Neurodegenerative | One hundred and thirty-two interventional cardiologists and 83 non-exposed subjects→brain-specific miR-134 (P = 0.002) and miR-2392 (P = 0.003) significantly down-regulated | Borghini et al.19 |
| Cardiovascular | Two hundred and twenty-three cath lab personnel and 222 unexposed subjects→left and right carotid intima-media thickness significantly increased (P < 0.04); leucocyte telomere length significantly reduced (P = 0.008) | Andreassi et al.20 |
| Cataractogenesis | A total of 67 246 eligible US radiologic technologists→5-year lagged exposure related with self-reported cataract, an excess hazard ratio/mGy of 0.69 × 10−3 (P < 0.001) | Little et al.21 |
| Survey on 1478 board-certified cardiologists→above 10 000 h radiation exposure independently related to cataracts (adjusted OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.24–2.37, P = 0.001) | Thirumal et al.22 | |
| Pooled analysis on 2559 subjects (exposed = 1224)→posterior lens opacity higher in exposed subjects (RR = 3.21; 95% CI 2.14–4.83, P < 0.00001) | Elmaraezy et al.23 | |
IR, interquartile ranges; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval.