Figure 3. Overall effect of the pandemic on the gender gap in research productivity for five research fields.

Orchard plot comparing the distribution of effect sizes (points) and the precision with which they were measured (point sizes) for five research fields. Each plot shows the mean effect size (darker coloured point outlined in black and vertically centred), the 95% confidence interval (horizontal thick black bar), the 95% prediction interval of the expected spread of effect sizes based on between-study variance (horizontal thin black bar) and is centred at 0 (vertical dashed line). TEMCP: technology, engineering, mathematics, chemistry and physics. Within each category, points are spread vertically for presentation reasons to reduce overlap. For each subgroup, k is the total number of effect sizes, and the number of studies from which these effect sizes were calculated is given inside the brackets.