Figure 6. Checking for possible publication bias.

Funnel plots of effect sizes and their precision, as a function of standard error, for studies that measure research productivity by responses to a survey (A), and by number of articles published (B). The vertical dashed line is the summary effect size; the legend outlines levels of statistical significance for effect sizes based on their precision. Neither plot shows evidence for publication bias.

Figure 6—figure supplement 1. Forest plot of leave-one-out analysis for survey studies only.

For each survey-study left out, the corresponding model estimate and 95% confidence interval is given. While there is large variation in the individual estimates, there is no single study that predominantly affects the average estimate.