Table 2.

Cardiovascular-Associated Changes During Pregnancy

Covariate	Pregnancy-Associated Changes
Systolic blood pressure	Decreases by ≈10% compared to prepregnancy levels
Diastolic blood pressure	Decreases by ≈20% compared to prepregnancy levels
Pulse pressure	Decreases by ≈10% compared to prepregnancy levels
Maternal heart rate	Increases by ≈20% compared to prepregnancy levels
Maternal oxygen consumption	Increases by ≈30% compared to prepregnancy levels
Cardiac output	Increases by ≈50% compared to prepregnancy levels
Stroke volume	Increases by ≈30% compared to prepregnancy levels
Systemic vascular resistance	Decreases by ≈20% compared to prepregnancy levels
Pulmonary vascular resistance	Decreases by ≈30% compared to prepregnancy levels
Central venous pressure	No change
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure	No change
Colloid osmotic pressure	Decreases by ≈15% compared to prepregnancy levels
Red blood cell volume	Increases by ≈20% compared to prepregnancy levels
Plasma volume	Increases by ≈40% compared to prepregnancy levels