Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of potential risk factors associated with H. pylori in Yilmana Densa district, northwest Ethiopia, 2022.
| Variables | Positive for serology test (%) | Positive for stool antigen test (%) | Univariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COR (95% CI) | p value | AOR (95% CI) | p value | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 145 (69) | 123 (58.6) | 2.02 (1.33–3.06) | 0.001∗ | 1.89 (0.86–4.15) | 0.111 |
| Female | 105 (54.4) | 83 (43) | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Age (year) | ||||||
| 18–29 | 51 (56.7) | 42 (46.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 30–39 | 90 (65.2) | 74 (53.6) | 0.62 (0.33–1.17) | 0.140 | 0.68 (0.23–2.02) | 0.488 |
| 40–49 | 57 (60) | 47 (49.5) | 0.97 (0.54–1.76) | 0.923 | 0.69 (0.20–2.35) | 0.550 |
| Above 50 | 52 (65) | 43 (53.8) | 0.78 (0.42–1.46) | 0.438 | 1.61 (0.44–5.88) | 0.469 |
|
| ||||||
| Residence | ||||||
| Rural | 206 (78) | 175 (66.3) | 9.97 (6.19–16.06) | <0.001∗ | 5.55 (2.34–13.14) | <0.001∗ |
| Urban | 44 (31.7) | 31 (22.3) | 1 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 145 (63.3) | 122 (53.3) | 1.41 (0.81–2.46) | 0.226 | 1.28 (0.45–3.62) | 0.641 |
| Widowed | 30 (62.5) | 23 (47.9) | 1.17 (0.55–2.49) | 0.69 | 1.94 (0.50–7.45) | 0.335 |
| Divorced | 36 (62.1) | 32 (55.2) | 1.33 (0.64–2.75) | 0.441 | 1.04 (0.28–3.84) | 0.955 |
| Single | 39 (57.4) | 29 (42.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Monthly income (ETB) | ||||||
| Below 1000 | 60 (68.2) | 53 (60.2) | 1.58 (0.83–3.00) | 0.161 | 0.95 (0.29–3.10) | 0.932 |
| 1000–2500 | 142 (61.2) | 117 (50.4) | 1.09 (0.65–1.82) | 0.757 | 0.99 (0.38–2.57) | 0.977 |
| Above 2500 | 48 (57.8) | 36 (43.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Yes | 200 (71.7) | 168 (60.2) | 4.36 (2.78–6.83) | <0.001∗ | 12.34 (2.29–66.51) | 0.003∗ |
| No | 50 (40.3) | 38 (30.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Frequency of alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Once/week | 27 (58.7) | 23 (50) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 1–3 times/week | 77 (62.6) | 60 (48.8) | 0.71 (0.34–1.46) | 0.35 | 1.27 (0.45–3.57) | 0.648 |
| >3 times/week | 82 (74.5) | 72 (65.5) | 1.66 (0.76–3.60) | 0.205 | 2.63 (0.86–8.06) | 0.091 |
|
| ||||||
| Tobacco smoking | ||||||
| Yes | 30 (76.9) | 23 (59) | 2.26 (1.01–5.05) | 0.048∗ | 3.09 (0.45–19.17) | 0.225 |
| No | 220 (60.4) | 183 (50.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Khat chewing | ||||||
| Yes | 40 (70.2) | 38 (66.7) | 1.62 (0.87–3.05) | 0.131 | 1.20 (0.40–3.62) | 0.748 |
| No | 210 (60.7) | 168 (48.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Coffee drinking | ||||||
| Yes | 162 (63.8) | 135 (53.1) | 1.29 (0.85–1.96) | 0.235 | 1.39 (0.64–3.04) | 0.411 |
| No | 88 (59.1) | 71 (47.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Raw milk consumption | ||||||
| Yes | 144 (64.9) | 120 (54.1) | 1.43 (0.95–2.16) | 0.085 | 1.29 (0.59–2.83) | 0.529 |
| No | 106 (58.6) | 86 (47.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Awareness on transmission of H. pylori | ||||||
| Yes | 46 (46.9) | 32 (32.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 204 (66.9) | 174 (57) | 2.7 (1.69–4.31) | <0.001∗ | 4.76 (1.86–12.15) | 0.001∗ |
|
| ||||||
| Source of drinking water | ||||||
| Piped water | 76 (42.9) | 58 (32.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Spring water | 55 (68.8) | 47 (58.8) | 3.69 (2.04–6.52) | <0.001∗ | 1.73 (0.63–4.73) | 0.285 |
| Pond/river | 119 (81.5) | 101 (69.2) | 7.73 (4.46–13.39) | <0.001∗ | 5.22 (1.91–14.27) | 0.001∗ |
|
| ||||||
| Type of toilet facility | ||||||
| Improved latrine pit | 53 (42.1) | 43 (34.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Unimproved pit | 56 (58.3) | 44 (45.8) | 1.85 (1.08–3.17) | 0.026∗ | 1.14 (0.42–3.14) | 0.794 |
| Open field | 141 (77.9) | 119 (65.7) | 5.05 (3.04–8.40) | <0.001∗ | 4.19 (1.67–10.52) | 0.002∗ |
|
| ||||||
| Habit of hand washing after toilet | ||||||
| Yes | 19 (33.3) | 17 (29.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 231 (66.8) | 189 (54.6) | 4.65 (2.56–8.45) | <0.000∗ | 2.78 (0.91–8.48) | 0.07 |
|
| ||||||
| Share beds with siblings | ||||||
| Yes | 228 (63.2) | 188 (52.1) | 0.66 (018 3−1.19) | 0.154 | 2.78 (0.91–8.48) | 0.072 |
| No | 22 (52.4) | 18 (42.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Sanitary practice at home | ||||||
| Low | 109 (73.6) | 94 (63.5) | 5.226 (3.067–8.904) | <0.001∗ | 1.59 (0.54–4.62) | 0. 399 |
| Medium | 90 (68.7) | 71 (54.2) | 3.266 (1.947–5.479) | <0.001∗ | 1.34 (0.50–3.54) | 0.561 |
| High | 51 (41.11) | 41 (33.1) | 1 | 1 | ||