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. 2023 Apr 27;7(7):1216–1227. doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01579-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a, Truncated (*) density curves of the normalized probability weights (w_in) for UKBB participants, ranging from 0.02 to 50.01. b, Standardized coefficients (and 95% confidence intervals) of variables predicting UKBB participation (HSE = 0; UKBB = 1) in univariate logistic regression models. Coefficients are provided for all UKBB participants and for males and females separately. c, Correlation coefficients among all auxiliary variables within the UKBB (obtained from weighted and unweighted analyses) and within the HSE. Highlighted in blue are results where the coefficients between the UKBB (r_UKBB) and the reference sample (r_HSE) deviated (r_diff > 0.05, where r_diff = |r_HSE − r_UKBB|). d, Percentage change (for categorical variables) and change in means as a function of weighting, obtained for a number of health-related UKBB phenotypes, including the auxiliary variables (blue) and variables not used to construct the weights. Percentage change was estimated as the difference between the weighted (p_w) and unweighted proportion (p), divided by the unweighted value ((p_w − p) / p × 100). Change in means was expressed as a standardized mean difference, estimated as the difference between the unweighted mean (m) and the weighted mean (m_w), divided by the unweighted standard deviation (m_w − m/s.d.).