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. 2023 Mar 27;27(7):1466–1472. doi: 10.1007/s11605-023-05654-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Role of the gut barrier in CRC. The gut barrier disruption is caused by increasing colon tumor-associated bacteria, which is regulated by the loss of FFAR2 in the intestinal epithelial cells. The gut barrier increases the susceptibility to colon cancer in the FFAR2-related pathway. In gut barrier disruption, the loss of FFAR2 on DCs overacts the DCs to increase the expression of IL-27, which is related to CD8 + T cell exhaustion