Table 4.
Summary of Observed EQ-5D-5L and WPAI scores by assessment time and vaccination status in long COVID subjects
| Score | Change from pre-COVID-19 | Relative to unvaccinated | Relative to primed | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P value | ES | Mean (SD) | P value | ES | Mean (SD) | P value | ES | ||
| EQ-VAS | ||||||||||||
| Pre-COVID-19 | All | 130 | 84.9 (12.2) | |||||||||
| Boosted | 26 | 84.6 (13.5) | − 1.1 (12.1) | 0.692 | − 0.09 | 0.8 (12.9) | 0.804 | 0.06 | ||||
| Primed | 36 | 83.8 (12.5) | − 1.9 (11.9) | 0.431 | − 0.16 | |||||||
| Unvaccinated | 68 | 85.7 (11.6) | ||||||||||
| Week 4 | All | 123 | 74.2 (16.2) | − 10.9 (15.6) | < 0.001 | − 0.67 | ||||||
| Boosted | 26 | 74.4 (18.1) | − 10.2 (16.4) | 0.004 | − 0.62 | 1.2 (16.8) | 0.751 | 0.07 | − 1.6 (16.4) | 0.713 | − 0.10 | |
| Primed | 33 | 76.0 (15.0) | − 7.7 (11.8) | 0.001 | − 0.65 | 2.8 (15.8) | 0.406 | 0.18 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 64 | 73.1 (16.2) | − 12.9 (16.8) | < 0.001 | − 0.77 | |||||||
| Month 3 | All | 108 | 76.4 (16.0) | − 9.0 (15.2) | < 0.001 | − 0.56 | ||||||
| Boosted | 17 | 80.9 (10.4) | − 3.8 (13.6) | 0.266 | − 0.28 | 5.4 (16.1) | 0.223 | 0.34 | 5.2 (14.4) | 0.233 | 0.36 | |
| Primed | 32 | 75.7 (16.1) | − 9.7 (10.2) | < 0.001 | − 0.95 | 0.2 (16.9) | 0.955 | 0.01 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 59 | 75.5 (17.3) | − 10.1 (17.7) | < 0.001 | − 0.57 | |||||||
| Month 6 | All | 89 | 74.5 (17.2) | − 10.0 (16.6) | < 0.001 | − 0.58 | ||||||
| Boosted | 10 | 80.4 (11.4) | − 6.3 (11.5) | 0.121 | − 0.55 | 5.5 (15.8) | 0.319 | 0.35 | 8.8 (18.1) | 0.200 | 0.48 | |
| Primed | 27 | 71.6 (20.0) | − 11.2 (17.4) | 0.003 | − 0.64 | − 3.3 (17.7) | 0.439 | − 0.18 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 52 | 74.9 (16.5) | − 10.0 (17.2) | < 0.001 | − 0.58 | |||||||
| EQ-5D-5L UI | ||||||||||||
| Pre-COVID-19 | All | 130 | 0.879 (0.144) | |||||||||
| Boosted | 26 | 0.910 (0.109) | 0.038 (0.117) | 0.163 | 0.32 | 0.039 (0.167) | 0.369 | 0.23 | ||||
| Primed | 36 | 0.871 (0.199) | − 0.001 (0.152) | 0.975 | − 0.01 | |||||||
| Unvaccinated | 68 | 0.872 (0.120) | ||||||||||
| Week 4 | All | 130 | 0.744 (0.196) | − 0.135 (0.160) | < 0.001 | − 0.69 | ||||||
| Boosted | 26 | 0.827 (0.122) | − 0.083 (0.126) | 0.003 | − 0.66 | 0.081 (0.162) | 0.032 | 0.50 | 0.036 (0.139) | 0.319 | 0.26 | |
| Primed | 36 | 0.752 (0.198) | − 0.119 (0.148) | < 0.001 | − 0.80 | 0.045 (0.165) | 0.188 | 0.27 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 68 | 0.708 (0.209) | − 0.164 (0.173) | < 0.001 | − 0.95 | |||||||
| Month 3 | All | 109 | 0.742 (0.236) | − 0.153 (0.188) | < 0.001 | − 0.65 | ||||||
| Boosted | 17 | 0.877 (0.114) | − 0.029 (0.114) | 0.311 | − 0.25 | 0.153 (0.177) | 0.002 | 0.86 | 0.136 (0.168) | 0.010 | 0.81 | |
| Primed | 32 | 0.725 (0.275) | − 0.165 (0.190) | < 0.001 | − 0.87 | 0.017 (0.191) | 0.685 | 0.09 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 60 | 0.713 (0.230) | − 0.182 (0.191) | < 0.001 | − 0.95 | |||||||
| Month 6 | All | 91 | 0.727 (0.242) | − 0.156 (0.213) | < 0.001 | − 0.64 | ||||||
| Boosted | 10 | 0.922 (0.031) | 0.001 (0.092) | 0.973 | 0.01 | 0.156 (0.179) | 0.014 | 0.87 | 0.218 (0.228) | 0.014 | 0.96 | |
| Primed | 27 | 0.648 (0.273) | − 0.217 (0.259) | < 0.001 | − 0.84 | − 0.062 (0.215) | 0.225 | − 0.29 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 54 | 0.731 (0.229) | − 0.155 (0.190) | < 0.001 | − 0.82 | |||||||
| Work productivity loss | ||||||||||||
| Pre-COVID-19 | All | 91 | 15.1 (24.7) | |||||||||
| Boosted | 19 | 6.6 (11.0) | − 10.5 (22.4) | 0.092 | − 0.47 | − 11.2 (23.5) | 0.117 | − 0.48 | ||||
| Primed | 27 | 17.9 (29.2) | 0.8 (27.0) | 0.907 | 0.03 | |||||||
| Unvaccinated | 45 | 17.1 (25.6) | ||||||||||
| Week 4 | All | 85 | 31.7 (25.4) | 15.1 (32.8) | < 0.001 | 0.59 | ||||||
| Boosted | 17 | 26.8 (24.1) | 19.4 (26.9) | 0.010 | 0.72 | − 12.6 (25.1) | 0.087 | − 0.50 | 4.3 (23.3) | 0.562 | 0.18 | |
| Primed | 26 | 22.5 (22.8) | 2.7 (30.1) | 0.649 | 0.09 | − 16.8 (24.5) | 0.008 | − 0.69 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 42 | 39.3 (25.5) | 20.5 (35.4) | 0.001 | 0.58 | |||||||
| Month 3 | All | 74 | 26.1 (26.6) | 13.3 (35.2) | 0.002 | 0.50 | ||||||
| Boosted | 11 | 18.2 (23.1) | 11.2 (25.0) | 0.170 | 0.45 | − 12.1 (25.6) | 0.173 | − 0.47 | − 4.9 (26.8) | 0.616 | − 0.18 | |
| Primed | 25 | 23.1 (28.2) | 11.7 (40.1) | 0.157 | 0.29 | − 7.2 (27.0) | 0.305 | − 0.27 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 38 | 30.3 (26.2) | 14.8 (35.5) | 0.014 | 0.42 | |||||||
| Month 6 | All | 60 | 33.9 (26.2) | 19.9 (38.0) | < 0.001 | 0.76 | ||||||
| Boosted | 6 | 43.1 (29.8) | 31.4 (29.1) | 0.057 | 1.08 | 6.5 (26.6) | 0.587 | 0.24 | 15.8 (26.2) | 0.203 | 0.60 | |
| Primed | 22 | 27.4 (25.3) | 11.5 (41.3) | 0.205 | 0.28 | − 9.3 (25.7) | 0.199 | − 0.36 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 32 | 36.6 (26.1) | 22.5 (37.7) | 0.002 | 0.60 | |||||||
| Activity Impairment | ||||||||||||
| Pre-COVID-19 | All | 130 | 21.3 (29.3) | |||||||||
| Boosted | 26 | 14.2 (22.5) | − 8.9 (28.3) | 0.179 | − 0.31 | − 8.8 (28.2) | 0.229 | − 0.31 | ||||
| Primed | 36 | 23.1 (31.7) | 0.0 (30.7) | 0.996 | 0.00 | |||||||
| Unvaccinated | 68 | 23.1 (30.2) | ||||||||||
| Week 4 | All | 130 | 38.1 (25.7) | 16.8 (35.6) | < 0.001 | 0.65 | ||||||
| Boosted | 26 | 31.2 (19.7) | 16.9 (20.9) | < 0.001 | 0.81 | − 15.2 (24.4) | 0.008 | − 0.62 | 3.7 (22.3) | 0.528 | 0.16 | |
| Primed | 36 | 27.5 (24.1) | 4.4 (34.9) | 0.451 | 0.13 | − 18.8 (25.3) | < 0.001 | − 0.74 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 68 | 46.3 (26.0) | 23.2 (39.0) | < 0.001 | 0.60 | |||||||
| Month 3 | All | 109 | 31.7 (28.3) | 12.9 (36.6) | < 0.001 | 0.46 | ||||||
| Boosted | 17 | 28.2 (24.6) | 14.1 (26.5) | 0.044 | 0.53 | − 4.3 (27.8) | 0.579 | − 0.15 | − 4.0 (28.5) | 0.646 | − 0.14 | |
| Primed | 32 | 32.2 (30.4) | 14.7 (37.6) | 0.035 | 0.39 | − 0.3 (29.2) | 0.961 | − 0.01 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 60 | 32.5 (28.6) | 11.7 (38.9) | 0.024 | 0.30 | |||||||
| Month 6 | All | 91 | 37.5 (27.5) | 17.4 (39.2) | < 0.001 | 0.63 | ||||||
| Boosted | 10 | 31.0 (24.2) | 27.0 (25.4) | 0.010 | 1.06 | − 9.6 (27.5) | 0.316 | − 0.35 | − 2.7 (26.8) | 0.787 | − 0.10 | |
| Primed | 27 | 33.7 (27.6) | 13.3 (37.0) | 0.073 | 0.36 | − 6.9 (27.9) | 0.299 | − 0.25 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 54 | 40.6 (28.0) | 17.6 (42.4) | 0.004 | 0.41 | |||||||