Table 5.
Least-Square Mean Estimates and 95% CI of EQ-5D-5L and WPAI-GH scores in long COVID subjects
| Score | Change from pre-COVID | Compared to Unvaccinated | Compared to Primed | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LSE (95% CI) | LSE (95% CI) | P value | ES | LSE (95% CI) | P value | ES | LSE (95% CI) | P value | ES | ||
| EQ-5D-5L: Utility Index | |||||||||||
| Pre-COVID (Observed), Mean (SD) | Boosted | 0.910 (0.109) | |||||||||
| Primed | 0.871 (0.199) | ||||||||||
| Unvaccinated | 0.872 (0.120) | ||||||||||
| Week 4 | Boosted | 0.830 (0.748, 0.912) | − 0.056 (− 0.138, 0.027) | 0.183 | − 0.44 | 0.076 (− 0.012, 0.164) | 0.108 | 0.47 | 0.028 (− 0.069, 0.125) | 0.772 | 0.20 |
| Primed | 0.802 (0.722, 0.881) | − 0.084 (− 0.163, − 0.004) | 0.039 | − 0.57 | 0.048 (− 0.032, 0.127) | 0.337 | 0.29 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 0.754 (0.689, 0.820) | − 0.131 (− 0.197, − 0.066) | < 0.001 | − 0.76 | |||||||
| Month 3 | Boosted | 0.910 (0.808, 1.011) | 0.024 (− 0.078, 0.125) | 0.644 | 0.21 | 0.161 (0.046, 0.275) | 0.003 | 0.91 | 0.137 (0.011, 0.263) | 0.030 | 0.81 |
| Primed | 0.773 (0.687, 0.859) | − 0.113 (− 0.199, − 0.027) | 0.011 | − 0.59 | 0.024 (− 0.070, 0.118) | 0.818 | 0.13 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 0.749 (0.678, 0.819) | − 0.137 (− 0.207, − 0.067) | < 0.001 | − 0.72 | |||||||
| Month 6 | Boosted | 0.910 (0.790, 1.030) | 0.024 (− 0.096, 0.144) | 0.688 | 0.27 | 0.152 (0.007, 0.298) | 0.038 | 0.85 | 0.202 (0.045, 0.359) | 0.008 | 0.89 |
| Primed | 0.708 (0.617, 0.800) | − 0.178 (− 0.269, − 0.086) | < 0.001 | − 0.69 | − 0.050 (− 0.153, 0.054) | 0.497 | − 0.23 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 0.758 (0.685, 0.831) | − 0.128 (− 0.201, − 0.055) | 0.001 | − 0.67 | |||||||
| EQ-5D-5L: VAS | |||||||||||
| Pre-COVID (Observed), Mean (SD) | Boosted | 84.6 (13.5) | |||||||||
| Primed | 83.8 (12.5) | ||||||||||
| Unvaccinated | 85.7 (11.6) | ||||||||||
| Week 4 | Boosted | 77.3 (70.2, 84.3) | − 7.8 (− 14.9, − 0.7) | 0.032 | − 0.43 | − 0.2 (− 8.0, 7.6) | 0.998 | − 0.01 | − 3.4 (− 12.1, 5.3) | 0.618 | − 0.21 |
| Primed | 80.7 (73.8, 87.6) | − 4.3 (− 11.3, 2.6) | 0.218 | − 0.29 | 3.2 (− 4.0, 10.5) | 0.544 | 0.20 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 77.5 (71.8, 83.1) | − 7.6 (− 13.2, − 2.0) | 0.008 | − 0.47 | |||||||
| Month 3 | Boosted | 82.6 (74.5, 90.6) | − 2.5 (− 10.5, 5.6) | 0.545 | − 0.24 | 2.3 (− 6.5, 11.1) | 0.806 | 0.14 | 3.6 (− 6.2, 13.3) | 0.663 | 0.25 |
| Primed | 79.0 (72.1, 85.9) | − 6.0 (− 13.0, 0.9) | 0.087 | − 0.38 | − 1.2 (− 8.5, 6.0) | 0.914 | − 0.07 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 80.2 (74.5, 86.0) | − 4.8 (− 10.5, 0.9) | 0.099 | − 0.28 | |||||||
| Month 6 | Boosted | 82.3 (72.3, 92.2) | − 2.8 (− 12.7, 7.2) | 0.584 | − 0.24 | 2.7 (− 9.6, 14.9) | 0.865 | 0.17 | 4.8 (− 8.3, 17.9) | 0.658 | 0.27 |
| Primed | 77.4 (69.8, 85.1) | − 7.6 (− 15.2, 0.0) | 0.051 | − 0.38 | − 2.2 (− 10.8, 6.4) | 0.820 | − 0.12 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 79.6 (73.6, 85.7) | − 5.4 (− 11.5, 0.6) | 0.079 | − 0.33 | |||||||
| WPAI: Work Productivity Loss | |||||||||||
| Pre-COVID (Observed), Mean (SD) | Boosted | 6.6 (11.0) | |||||||||
| Primed | 17.9 (29.2) | ||||||||||
| Unvaccinated | 17.1 (25.6) | ||||||||||
| Week 4 | Boosted | 25.5 (9.4, 41.7) | 11.8 (− 4.3, 28.0) | 0.149 | 0.49 | − 8.2 (− 25.0, 8.7) | 0.484 | − 0.32 | 4.2 (− 14.1, 22.48) | 0.849 | 0.18 |
| Primed | 21.4 (6.6, 36.2) | 7.7 (− 7.1, 22.5) | 0.306 | 0.34 | − 12.3 (− 28.0, 3.3) | 0.151 | − 0.50 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 33.7 (20.9, 46.5) | 20.0 (7.2, 32.8) | 0.003 | 0.78 | |||||||
| Month 3 | Boosted | 10.1 (0, 30.8) | − 3.6 (− 24.4, 17.1) | 0.728 | − 0.16 | − 18.5 (− 41.0, 4.0) | 0.129 | − 0.72 | − 12.8 (− 37.4, 11.9) | 0.437 | − 0.48 |
| Primed | 22.8 (7.0, 38.7) | 9.1 (− 6.7, 25.0) | 0.257 | 0.32 | − 5.7 (− 23.4, 12.1) | 0.725 | − 0.21 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 28.5 (14.1, 43.0) | 14.8 (0.3, 29.3) | 0.045 | 0.57 | |||||||
| Month 6 | Boosted | 42.6 (18.2, 67.0) | 28.9 (4.5, 53.3) | 0.021 | 0.97 | 7.89 (− 21.3, 37.1) | 0.796 | 0.30 | 15.9 (− 15.1, 47.0) | 0.442 | 0.61 |
| Primed | 26.7 (9.7, 43.6) | 12.9 (− 4.0, 29.8) | 0.132 | 0.51 | − 8.1 (− 28.0, 11.9) | 0.604 | − 0.31 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 34.7 (20.1, 49.3) | 21.0 (6.4, 35.6) | 0.005 | 0.81 | |||||||
| WPAI: Activity Impairment | |||||||||||
| Pre-COVID (Observed), Mean (SD) | Boosted | 14.2 (22.5) | |||||||||
| Primed | 23.1 (31.7) | ||||||||||
| Unvaccinated | 23.1 (30.2) | ||||||||||
| Week 4 | Boosted | 25.7 (14.1, 37.4) | 5.6 (− 6.1, 17.3) | 0.346 | 0.28 | − 13.0 (− 26.1, 0.1) | 0.053 | − 0.53 | 6.9 (− 7.4, 21.3) | 0.489 | 0.31 |
| Primed | 18.8 (7.7, 30.0) | − 1.3 (− 12.5, 9.8) | 0.813 | − 0.06 | − 19.9 (− 31.6, − 8.2) | < 0.001 | − 0.79 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 38.7 (29.5, 47.9) | 18.6 (9.3, 27.8) | < 0.001 | 0.71 | |||||||
| Month 3 | Boosted | 17.8 (2.0, 33.6) | − 2.3 (− 18.1, 13.4) | 0.770 | − 0.10 | − 7.1 (− 25.6, 11.4) | 0.635 | − 0.26 | − 5.4 (− 25.8, 14.9) | 0.802 | − 0.19 |
| Primed | 23.3 (10.5, 36.0) | 3.1 (− 9.7, 15.9) | 0.632 | 0.10 | − 1.7 (− 16.6, 13.2) | 0.963 | − 0.06 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 24.9 (14.6, 35.3) | 4.8 (− 5.6, 15.1) | 0.365 | 0.17 | |||||||
| Month 6 | Boosted | 29.8 (11.2, 48.4) | 9.6 (− 9.0, 28.3) | 0.308 | 0.40 | − 4.6 (− 27.9, 18.6) | 0.885 | − 0.17 | 5.3 (− 19.6, 30.2) | 0.870 | 0.20 |
| Primed | 24.5 (11.1, 37.9) | 4.4 (− 9.0, 17.7) | 0.521 | 0.16 | − 9.9 (− 25.7, 5.9) | 0.301 | − 0.36 | ||||
| Unvaccinated | 34.4 (24.0, 44.9) | 14.3 (3.8, 24.7) | 0.008 | 0.51 | |||||||
Mixed models for repeated measurements with unstructured correlation matrix include variables for time, vaccination status and interaction of time by vaccination status, as well as covariates of participant pre-COVID-19 symptom onset score, sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, regions, social vulnerability, race/ethnicity, high risk occupations), previously tested positive for COVID-19, severity of acute illness (number of symptoms reported on index date), and immunocompromised status