Fig. 1.

Notation. a The reference ${\mathrm{\Omega }}_R$ and the deformed cell $\mathrm{\Omega }(t)$. Note that $\overrightarrow{x}\in \mathcal{P}(t)$ implies $\overrightarrow{X}\in {\mathcal{P}}_R$. b Frenet frame $\{{\overrightarrow{\tau }}_{\Vert },{\overrightarrow{\tau }}_{\perp },\overrightarrow{n}\}$ at point $\overrightarrow{y}\in \partial \mathcal{P}(t)$. s is the arc length measured on $\partial \mathcal{P}(t)$ (Serpelloni et al. 2022). c The notation for cell adhesion and spreading, drawn in 2D for the mere sake of readability