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. 2023 May 6;22(4):1313–1332. doi: 10.1007/s10237-023-01721-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Definitions of parameters describing LV myocardial microstructure, helix angle (HA), transverse angle (TA) and sheetlet angle (SA). a Myocytes orientations (f) are depicted as cylinders, while sheetlets are depicted as groups of cylinders. The sheet direction (s) is perpendicular to f in the sheetlet plane, and the normal direction (n) is normal to the sheetlet. L—direction, C—circumferential direction, R—radial direction. b HA was defined as the angle between the projection of f on the local tangent L–C plane (f1) and C, while TA was defined as the angle between the projection of F on the R–C plane (f2) and C. c SA was defined as the angle between s and the projection of s on the L–C plane (s1)