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. 2023 Jul 24;13:11976. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39269-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sum of 8 urine blueberry gut-derived metabolites for the blueberry (blue) and placebo (orange) groups at three time points (pre-study, and after 14d and 18d supplementation. The pattern of change in this urine gut-derived phenolic composite variable was significantly different between groups (interaction effect, p < 0.001), with 83% higher concentrations in the blueberry compared to placebo group at the day 18 time point. This composite variable included hippuric acid, vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid), three ferulic acid-based metabolites (methoxy-cinnamic acid-O-glucoronate or sulfate forms), hydroxyphenyl-γ-valerolactone-O-sulfate, methoxy-catechol sulfate, and methoxyphenylacetic acid-O-sulfate.