Fig. 4. The associations of cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviors with ALS risk.

Genome-wide significantly associated (P < 5 × 10⁻⁸) independent (linkage disequilibrium r² = 0.001, clumping distance = 10,000 kb) SNPs were used as instruments. ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, SNP single nucleotide polymorphism, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, PP pulse pressure, HbAlc glycosylated hemoglobin, 2 h Glu 2-hour post-meal blood glucose. *, 0.01 < p < 0.05; **, 0.001 < p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.