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. 2023 Jul 25;9:77. doi: 10.1038/s41421-023-00578-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Representative H&E-stained mouse ileal sections. Scale bars, 40 μm. b Schematic overview of the scRNA-seq experiment. c, d UMAP plots of all cells clustered and color-coded by four groups or 12 mice. e Major cell clusters and respective cell-type assignments in UMAP. f Heatmap of marker gene expression in each cell cluster (top three marker genes). g, h Percentages of immune cells in PPs or IE. Means ± SD, two-way ANOVA, n = 6 mice for IE or PPs. i Volcano plot of ALF_DEGs of immune cells. j Top five terms in the GO term enrichment analysis for genes upregulated in immune cells of ALF mice compared to control mice. k Percentages of each type of IECs in control (n = 3) and model (n = 3) mice. Means ± SD, two-way ANOVA. l Volcano plot of ALF_DEGs of IECs. m Top five terms in the GO term enrichment analysis for genes upregulated in IECs of ALF mice compared to control mice.