Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Jul 24;14:4450. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39700-1

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 4 — a A typical exopher is readily visualized by mCherry in strain expressing bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry]. mCherry is a fluorophore expressed from an integrated P_mec-4-driven high copy number transgene array; high expression mildly induces exophergenesis. ALMR (Anterior Lateral Microtubule, Right side) touch neuron and an ALMR-derived exopher are pictured. Scale bar = 2 µm. Image is representative of N > 1000 exophers. b Cartoon depiction of the exophergenesis process. (Top) A normal neuronal soma. (Middle) The neuronal soma swells, cellular contents can polarize, and a swelling and budding-out process generates a prominent exopher bud. (Bottom) The exopher bud continues to extend outward; the exopher bud matures into a distinct exopher. c–g Exopher studies were analyzed using Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) test. c We scored ALMR exopher production on Ad2 in the ifd-1(ok2404) deletion mutant, the ifd-2(bz187) deletion mutant, and the double ifd deletion mutant ifd-1(Δ); ifd-2(Δ), all of which harbored the exopher-inducing bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry] transgene. N = 389, 438, 422, and 401 ALMR for control and mutants respectively. The ALMR exopher percentage in the ifd-1(Δ); ifd-2(Δ) double mutant is not significantly different from the single mutant ifd-1 (P = 0.351); double mutant compared to ifd-2 (P = 0.0952). 6 trials. d We expressed GFP::IFD-2 from the native ifd-2 promoter in the mCherry background and scored for exopher levels. We compared ALMR exophers at Ad2 in bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry] to bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry]; ifd-2(bz187) (*P = 0.017). bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry] compared to bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry]; ifd-2(bz187); bzSi76[P_ifd-2GFP::IFD-2] is not significantly different (P = NS). N = 239, 240, and 230 ALMR for control, mutant, and rescue respectively. 5 trials. e We scored ALMR exophers at Ad2 in bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry] compared to bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry]; ifd-1(ok2404). (***P = 0.00047). P_mec-4mCherry is not significantly different compared to bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry]; ifd-1(ok2404); bzSi3[P_mec-7GFP::IFD-1] (P = 0.43). N = 918, 549, and 555 ALMR for control, mutant, and rescue respectively. 10 trials. f We scored ALMR exophers at Ad2 in bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry] and compared to bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry]; ifd-2(bz187) (****P = 0.000067). bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry] is not significantly different from bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry];ifd-2(bz187); bzSi37[P_mec-7mNeonGreen::IFD-2] (P = 0.40). N = 182, 179, and 180 ALMR for control, mutant, and rescue respectively. 5 trials. g We scored ALMR exophers at Ad2 in bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry] compared to bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry]; ifd-1(ok2404); ifd-2(bz187) (P = 0.054). bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry] compared to bzIs166[P_mec-4mCherry]; ifd-1(ok2404); ifd-2(bz187); bzEx270[P_mec-7GFP::IFD-1 OE] is NS. N = 127, 136, and 129 ALMR in control, mutant, and rescue respectively, 4 trials.