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. 2023 Jul 25;14(7):462. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-05992-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Heatmap of CNV profiles estimated from scRNA-seq of tumor lesions from each patient. The vertical axis is arranged by origin patients, samples, cell malignant or not, and on the CNV-based clustering results. The horizontal axis displays all chromosomes in numerical order. kmCluster: the k-means clustering results of epithelial cells based on the CNV profiles. cellMN: whether the cell is malignant or not. b UMAP plot colored by the sub-populations of epithelial cells. c Dot plot of the expression of marker genes for the epithelial cell sub-populations. d Bar plot of the bootstrap proportions of epithelial cell sub-populations within each measured sample. e The epithelial cell sub-population proportions in tumor lesions (red) or the adjacent normal tissues (blue) from the four MPLC patients. Data represent mean ± s.d. **P < 0.01, t test, unpaired. f UMAP view of the clustering results (left) and CLDN2⁺ AT2 signatures (right) of epithelial cells from both the MPLCs patients and the dataset GSE131907. Batch effects were removed by harmony. The CLDN2⁺ AT2 signature was calculated based on the cell-wise gene set variation analysis, and the top15 ranked (based on P-values) marker genes for the CLDN2⁺ AT2 subtype were utilized as the signature gene set. g Pie plot of the data source of cells in Cluster 5 in (f). h Box plot of the differential expressions of CLDN2 between cells from the MPLC patients and GSE131907. Wilcox test, unpaired. i Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of CLDN2 expressions on the MPLCs samples. Samples NM_R_P2 and TM_R_P2 were taken as examples. Red border area was magnified and presented on the right. j Box plot of the differential CLDN2 IHC scores in MPLCs, IPM and solitary LUAD. Each IPM or MPLCs patient possessed two LUAD lesions at ipsilateral different lobes. Wilcox test, unpaired.