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. 2023 Jul 24;13:11981. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38669-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Larval longitudinal length measured 7 days after inoculation with (1) live bacterial strains on LPD without erythromycin (Live and growing –Ery); (2) daily addition of live bacterial strains on LPD supplemented with 20 μg/ml of erythromycin (Live and stable + Ery); (2) daily addition of heat-killed bacterial strains on LPD without erythromycin (Dead -Ery); (3) daily addition of heat-killed bacterial strains on LPD supplemented with 20 μg/ml of erythromycin (Dead + Ery) and 4) PBS on LPD without erythromycin (GF condition). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences at p < 0.05. Center values in the graph represent means and error bars represent SD. (B) Microbial population size (CFU/ml) compared with average larval size from fly food containing the larval population showed in A. Microbe counts and larval size have been measured on day 7 after mono-association. Each dot represent the microbial load (CFU/ml) of one petri dish containing larvae associated with the respective bacterial strain. –Ery, standard mono-association on LPD without daily addition of Lp. + Ery, mono-association on supplemented with 20 μg/ml of erythromycin and daily addition of the respective Lp strain to recapitulate standard Lp growth (r = 0.7661, p > 0.0001, Spearman’s correlation efficient).