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. 2023 Jul 24;13:11947. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38723-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Adhesion and growth of bacteria on cotton and rGO/Cu fabric: (A) E. coli, (B) P. aeruginosa, (C) S. epidermidis, (D) C. xerosis, and (E) M. luteus. Fabrics were thoroughly aerated and re-oxidized. The bacteria attached to the fabrics were counted in terms of the CFU to check the concentration of bacteria (CFU/mL). The data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). The adhesion was confirmed by staining the bacteria attached to each fabric. The scale bar represents 100 μm.