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. 2023 Jul 24;13:11968. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39212-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Immunohistochemical analyses. (A–H: Control group, I–P: GHNF group) Representative photomicrographs of von Willebrand factor (vWF), insulin, collagen III, collagen IV, and laminin staining. The vWF-positive vessels were detectable in the fibrous capsule around the islets (red arrows). New vessels in the interstitial area are also represented by yellow arrows. GHNF was represented by black arrows. “Positive” for collagen III, collagen IV, and laminin indicates that distinct immunopositivity was detectable in the fibrous capsule around the islets. “Negative” indicates that immunopositivity was undetectable. Magnification: × 200. Calibration bars: 200 µm. (Q) The mean number of new vessels per islet graft area and per interstitial area. No significant difference was observed between the GHNF and control groups in the islet graft area. In the interstitial area, the number of new vessels in the GHNF group tended to be higher in comparison to that in the control group (p = 0.06). (R) The rate of immunopositive sections in terms of collagen III, collagen IV, and laminin in the fibrous tissue around the islet grafts. The rate of laminin positivity in the GHNF group was significantly higher than that of the control group (*p < 0.05). The rate of collagen III and collagen IV positivity in the GHNF group also tended to be higher in comparison to the control group (p = 0.07, 0.06, respectively).