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. 2023 Jul 24;13:11978. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39250-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) of the ancient oral microbiome content for SLB (red) and 114 samples from Neanderthal (green), pre-agricultural (orange), Neolithic (yellow), pre-antibiotic period (blue) and modern-day humans (light blue). Ellipses indicate the 95% confidence areas based on the standard error of the means of distances among samples of the same group.