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. 2023 Jul 24;13:11967. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39168-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Method overview of fecal lysate preparation and enzyme activity assay. Fresh-frozen or freshly collected fecal pellets were weighed, followed by vortex and sonicated in a mixture of phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4 and extraction buffer. Following centrifugation, the supernatant was isolated (fecal lysate) and used in a colorimetric enzymatic assay. The fecal lysate was divided into two tubes, and an enzyme assay was done for β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase.