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. 2023 Jul 24;14:4451. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-40136-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Experimental pressure reading (circles) during the photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to CO from Ch.1 containing 0.57 mM Ru PS, 0.57 mM Re cat, 279 mM BIH, 12.7 mM sodium phosphinidynetris(benzene sulfonate) and 712 mM phenol (or H₂O) in dimethylformamide, irradiated using a Blue LED lamp (irradiance of 117 W m⁻²). Fitted simulated pressure data (solid line) is shown based on a reaction-model-based kinetic simulation. Concentration profiles of CO, CO₂, and HCO₃^‒ are shown based on the results of the kinetics simulation (see Supplementary pages 28–38) distinguishing the effect of adding b phenol or c water to the photocatalytic solution. d Proposed photocatalytic cycle for the Ru-Re bimolecular system on which the kinetic simulation is based upon. Effect of water as proton source is indicated in thick black arrows accumulating bicarbonate while the changes when phenol is used is indicated in green arrows.