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. 2023 Jul 24;12:180. doi: 10.1038/s41377-023-01223-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Anatomy of human eye, mainly consisting of cornea, pupil, lens and vitreous body and retina. Cones and rods as photoreceptor cells in the retina are mainly responsible for perceiving the intensity of light, as well as the visual adaptation functions. Visual adaptation when exposed to b soft light and c bright light. Top: schematic diagram of how images of a lotus evolved through visual adaptation over time. Bottom: the mechanism of visual adaptation via dynamically switching between rod and cone cells