Table 3.

Incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of pneumonia comparing proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment periods with unexposed periods in stratified analyses

Characteristic and exposure	Pneumonias (number)	Crude IRR (95% CI)	Adjusted IRR (95% CI) *
Age < 50 years
No PPI	69,032	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
PPI	11,444	1.79 (1.74–1.85)	1.40 (1.35–1.45)
Age 50–69 years
No PPI	114,682	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
PPI	48,621	2.27 (2.23–2.31)	1.71 (1.68–1.75)
Age ≥ 70 years
No PPI	295,389	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
PPI	137,918	2.38 (2.35–2.41)	1.79 (1.76–1.81)
Men
No PPI	248,869	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
PPI	98,608	2.64 (2.60–2.67)	1.88 (1.85–1.91)
Women
No PPI	230,234	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
PPI	99,375	2.27 (2.23–2.30)	1.60 (1.57–1.62)
No smoking-related diseases
No PPI	394,843	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
PPI	146,101	2.47 (2.44–2.46)	1.84 (1.82–1.86)
Smoking-related diseases
No PPI	84,260	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
PPI	51,882	1.51(1.48–1.54)	1.23 (1.20–1.25)

^*Adjusted for age and calendar year