Table 2.
Family history, course, psychosocial functioning, treatment use, psychological characteristics and life events in participants with chronic and non-chronic Major Depressive Disorder in community studies
| Satyanarayana, 2009 | Angst 2009 | Rubio 2011 | Murphy 2012 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family history | ||||
| Depression | C = NC | C > NC | C = NC | |
| Anxiety | C = NC | |||
| Alcohol problems | C > NC | |||
| Drug problems | C > NC | |||
| Behavioral problems | C > NC | |||
| Course | ||||
| Age of onset | C > NC | C = NC | C > NC | C < NC |
| Recurrent episodes | – | – | C > NC | C > NC |
| Duration most severe episode | – | – | – | – |
| Number of symptoms most severe episode | – | – | C > NC | – |
| Duration longest episode | – | – | C > NC | – |
| Suicide attempts | C > NC | – | – | C = NC |
| Psychosocial functioning | C < NC | – | – | |
| Comorbid psychiatric disorders | C > NC | – | C > NC | C > NC |
| Dysthymia | – | – | C > NC | – |
| Any anxiety disorder3 | – | – | C > NC | – |
| Generalised anxiety disorder | – | C = NC | C > NC | C > NC |
| Panic disorder | C > NC | C = NC | C > NC | C = NC |
| Agoraphobia | C > NC | C = NC | – | C = NC |
| Social phobia | C > NC | C > NC | C > NC | C = NC |
| PTSD | – | – | – | C > NC |
| Obsessive–compulsive disorder | – | C = NC | – | C > NC |
| Substance dependence | C > NC | |||
| Alcohol abuse or dependence | – | C = NC | C = NC | |
| Illicit substance abuse or dependence | – | C = NC | C = NC (abuse) C > NC (dep.) | C = NC |
| Psychological characteristics | – | – | – | – |
| Coping (Mastery) | – | – | – | – |
| Age 20 | – | C < NC | – | – |
| Age 41 | – | C < NC | – | – |
| Self-esteem | – | – | C < NC | – |
| Age 20 | – | C = NC | – | – |
| Age 41 | – | C < NC | – | – |
| Life-events | – | – | – | – |
| Childhood risk factors (parental loss, vulnerable family environment) | – | C = NC | – | |
| Traumatic load | – | – | – | C > NC1 |
| Current psychological distress | C > NC1 | |||
| Death of someone close at 1st episode | C > NC2 | |||
| Somatic comorbidities | C > NC | C > NC | – | C = NC2 |
| Treatment | – | – | – | C < NC |
| Outpatient treatment | C = NC | C > NC | C > NC | – |
| GP/Internist | – | C > NC | – | – |
| Psychiatrist | – | C > NC | – | – |
| Psychologist | – | C = NC | – | – |
| No professional treatment | – | C < NC | – | – |
| Any medication | – | C = NC | C > NC | – |
| Antidepressants | – | C > NC | – | – |
| Antipsychotics | – | C > NC | – | – |
| Mood stabilizers | – | C = NC | – | – |
| Sedatives | – | C = NC | – | – |
| Any hospitalisation | C > NC | - | C > NC | – |
C Chronic, NC Non-Chronic, PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder; GP general practitioner; Angst, 2009: Comparison group Major Depressive Episode. 1Univariate analysis, 2Multivariable logistic regression.