Table 5.
Associations of socio-demographic and clinical correlates with diagnostic status in the whole sample and participants with MDD only according to the fully adjusted models (Model 2)
| All participants N = 3618 | Participants with MDD n = 1623 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic vs non-chronic MDD | No MDD vs non-chronic MDD | Chronic vs non-chronic MDD | |
| ORb (95CI) | ORb (95CI) | ORc (95CI) | |
| Behavioral comorbidities | |||
| Smoking status | |||
| Current | 0.94 (0.72, 1.23) | 0.73** (0.59, 0.91) | 1.02 (0.77, 1.36) |
| Former | 0.80 (0.62, 1.05) | 0.83 (0.68, 1.01) | 0.85 (0.64, 1.13) |
| Physical inactivitya | 1.03 (0.82, 1.29) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.35) | 0.99 (0.78, 1.26) |
| Lifetime prevalence of other psychiatric disorders | |||
| Dysthymia | 1.42 (0.83, 2.44) | 1.91** (1.20, 3.03) | 1.65 (0.92, 2.98) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.64 (0.91, 2.94) | 0.74 (0.38, 1.44) | 1.82 (0.97, 3.40) |
| Panic disorder | 1.80 (0.98, 3.29) | 1.14 (0.63, 2.06) | 1.86 (1.00, 3.48) |
| Agoraphobia | 0.62 (0.36, 1.06) | 0.90 (0.55, 1.45) | 0.60 (0.34, 1.07) |
| Social phobia | 0.95 (0.70, 1.28) | 0.68** (0.52, 0.89) | 0.86 (0.62, 1.18) |
| PTSD | 1.45 (0.92, 2.29) | 0.44** (0.26, 0.75) | 1.39 (0.86, 2.26) |
| Obsessive–compulsive disorder | 1.36 (0.62, 3.00) | 0.62 (0.25, 1.50) | 1.33 (0.57, 3.11) |
| Alcohol abuse or dependence | 0.97 (0.67, 1.40) | 1.27 (0.95, 1.70) | 0.98 (0.67, 1.45) |
| Illicit substance abuse or dependence | 0.72 (0.45, 1.15) | 0.77 (0.54, 1.10) | 0.68 (0.42, 1.12) |
| Course | |||
| Suicide attempts | 1.15 (0.78, 1.67) | 0.44*** (0.29, 0.68) | – |
| Familial history of mood disorders | |||
| Bipolar disorder | 1.03 (0.58, 1.83) | 0.82 (0.49, 1.37) | 0.95 (0.51, 1.76) |
| MDD | 0.76* (0.60, 0.95) | 0.65*** (0.54, 0.78) | 0.74* (0.58, 0.94) |
| Personality characteristics | |||
| Neuroticism | 1.27** (1.08, 1.49) | 0.52*** (0.46, 0.60) | 1.12 (0.95, 1.32) |
| Extraversion | 0.85* (0.74, 0.98) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.14) | 0.87 (0.76, 1.00) |
| Coping | |||
| Emotion-focused coping | 1.11 (0.95, 1.31) | 1.08 (0.95, 1.23) | 1.15 (0.98, 1.36) |
| Help-seeking behavior | 0.82** (0.72, 0.95) | 0.82*** (0.74, 0.91) | 0.81** (0.70, 0.94) |
| Life-events | |||
| Childhood traumatic events | 1.00 (0.69, 1.46) | 0.75 (0.54, 1.05) | 0.86 (0.57, 1.29) |
| Impact adulthood lifetime events | 1.19*** (1.07, 1.31) | 0.65*** (0.59, 0.72) | 1.15* (1.03, 1.28) |
| Cardio-vascular risk factors | |||
| Waist (cm) | 1.09 (0.97, 1.24) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | 1.07 (0.93, 1.22) |
| Hypertension | 1.13 (0.87, 1.47) | 1.05 (0.86, 1.30) | 1.12 (0.84, 1.49) |
| Course | |||
| Age of onset (yrs) | 0.58*** (0.50, 0.67) | ||
| Current episode | 3.83*** (2.83, 5.21) | ||
| Recurrent episode | 0.56*** (0.43, 0.74) | ||
| Symptom manifestation during the most severe episode | |||
| DSM-IV criteria for major depressive episode | |||
| Psychomotor agitation | 1.26 (1.00, 1.60) | ||
| Worthlessness | 1.13 (0.87, 1.45) | ||
| Diminished ability to think or concentrate | 1.20 (0.91, 1.58) | ||
| Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation or suicidal attempts | 1.47** (1.15, 1.87) | ||
| Symptoms of melancholic features specifier | |||
| Depression regularly worse in the morning | 1.17 (0.88, 1.55) | ||
| Early morning awaking | 1.07 (0.82, 1.39) | ||
| Excessive guilt | 1.12 (0.88, 1.43) | ||
| Symptoms of atypical features | |||
| Increase in appetite or reported weight gain | 1.55** (1.11, 2.15) | ||
| Leaden paralysis | 0.93 (0.70, 1.25) | ||
| Interpersonal rejection sensitivity | 0.94 (0.73, 1.22) | ||
MDD major depressive disorder, yrs years, PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder, OR odds ratio; 95CI 95% confidence interval
***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05
aPhysically active less than 20 min twice a week. bOne single multinomial logistic regression model fully adjusted for age, sex, education, nationality and variables listed in the table (Model 2). cOne single logistic regression model fully adjusted for age, sex, education, nationality and variables listed in the table (Model 2)