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. 2023 Mar 28;19(5):1177–1184. doi: 10.1007/s12015-023-10533-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Membrane lipid rafts (MLRs) assemble “raftophilic receptors” with downstream signaling molecules for enhanced biological responsiveness to ligands. It is shown CXCR4 receptor signaling in response to its specific ligand stromal derived factor -1 (SDF-1). Incorporation of CXCR4 into MLRs increases the responsiveness of HSPCs to SDF-1 stimulation. MLRs formation is regulated as we envision by de-novo synthesis of lipid components as well as by assembly of already existing in outer cell membrane and cytosol lipids in response to some “cationic anti-microbial peptides” including e.g., LL-37 cathelicidin or C3a [30, 31]