Figure 1.

Study site of Paumalū ahupua‘a, located on the island of O‘ahu within the Hawaiian Islands (A). An aerial image displays a segment of the case study area demonstrating the chronic erosion and efforts to prevent further erosion with geotextile materials (photo credit: Renee Setter; panel D). A comprehensive visualization of datasets used in this study, including coastal erosion (SLR-CE; panel B) and exposure area (SLR-XA; panel C) projections at varying SLR levels in the case study area. The most recently available 2021 vegetation line (B) is included to illustrate the highest wash of the waves. Local infrastructure datasets include the highway (Kamehameha Highway) and the bridge over Paumalū Stream. TMK parcels are indicated in gray outlined boxes. Maps created in ArcGIS Pro⁵⁰ and basemap provided by Esri⁵¹.