The 1–7 points in the following items represent the gradual change from disagreement to agreement. Please tick √ in the corresponding box according to your actual situation (1 means strongly disagree, 4 means neutral, 7 means agree).	Disagree ⟷ agree
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
T1: Your company’s business model design helps enterprises reduce operating costs (i.e., marketing costs, transaction processing costs, communication costs, etc.).
T2: Your company’s business model design helps the enterprise simplify the transaction procedures and makes the partners think it is easy to conduct transactions with your company.
T3: Your company’s business model design helps the enterprise simplify the transaction procedures and makes the partners think it is easy to conduct transactions with your company.
T4: Your company's business model design helps partners reduce operating costs (i.e., marketing costs, transaction processing costs, communication costs, etc.).
T5: The business model design of your company makes the transaction procedures between the enterprise and its partners highly extensible (for example, the enterprise can handle a large number of transactions of different scales at the same time).
T6: Your company’s business model design makes the enterprise’s business decision more scientific and reasonable.
T7: Your company's business model design makes the transaction process more transparent and makes the use and delivery of information, services and products in the transaction process easier to query.
T8: Your company's business model is designed so that both parties in a transaction have better access to each other's information.
T9: Your company's business model is designed to give the business access to a wide variety of goods, services, information, and other actors.
T10: Your company's business model is designed to enable transaction participants to obtain more information on their needs.
T11: Your company's business model is designed to support rapid transaction activity.
T12: Your company's business model design overall improves the efficiency of corporate transactions.
N1: Your company's business model design brings together products, information and services in new ways.
N2: Your company's business model design has helped the company develop new business partners.
N3: Your company's business model design provides novel incentives to transaction participants.
N4: Your company's business model is designed to help the business reach out to different collaborators and products.
N5: Your company's business model design enhances the richness (including the quality and depth of the connection) and novelty of the contacts between the parties to the transaction.
N6: Your company's business model design has helped the company gain more technological innovation.
N7: Your company's business model is based on trade secrets or patents.
N8: Your company's business model is the industry leader.
N9: Your company is constantly improving and innovating its business model.
N10: Competitors' business models have the potential to outperform yours.
N11: There is still room for improvement in your company's business model.
N12: Overall, your company’s business model is novel and innovative.
M1: The percentage of key technologies of an enterprise originating from independent research and development (including cooperative research and development with other enterprises, universities, research institutions, etc.) is higher than that of its main competitors.
M2: Compared with its peers, the enterprise has stronger independent R & D capability.
M3: The percentage of R & D expenses in sales is higher than that of major competitors.
M4: The percentage of enterprise technology introduction expenses in sales is higher than that of main competitors.
M5: Enterprises continue to develop new technologies and open up new products.
M6: Companies attach great importance to R&D activities.
B1: The percentage of the key technology of the enterprise from technology introduction (including through authorization, R&D contracts, consulting companies, mergers and acquisitions, and hiring of relevant technological personnel, etc.) is higher than that of major competitors.
B2: The enterprise has stronger technology introduction ability compared with its peers.
B3: The percentage of enterprise technology introduction expenses as a percentage of sales is higher than that of major competitors.
B4: Enterprises often hire scientific researchers who master core technologies from the outside.
B5: Enterprises often obtain important technologies or technological information sources from the outside.
B6: The new technology that the enterprise obtains from the outside becomes the core technology of the enterprise.
S1: Enterprises in the industry have invested a lot in research and development.
S2: In the industry, a large number of new technologies are produced every year.
S3: Suppliers, users, R&D institutions, etc., are important sources of technological knowledge.
Y1: Enterprises in the industry use patents and trade secrets to protect technological innovation achievements.
Y2: Enterprises in the industry can achieve the purpose of protecting the technological innovation achievements of enterprises by adopting patents, trade secrets and other methods.
Y3: In the industry, corporate innovation is difficult to imitate.
Y4: In the industry, companies can obtain higher returns through technological innovation.
C1: In the industry, frequent innovation can ensure that competitors are difficult to imitate.
C2: In the industry, due to rapid technological change, imitators can only obtain limited profits.
C3: In the industry, technological innovation cannot be carried out without sufficient technological reserves.
C4: In the industry, the technological innovation of enterprises depends on the existing technology.
K1: The enterprise has extensive knowledge of product development.
K2: The enterprise fully understands the core technological knowledge in the industry.
K3: The enterprise has comprehensive knowledge of operation.
K4: The enterprise has a comprehensive knowledge of management theory and practice.
K5: The company is at the leading level of its domestic counterparts in the field of professional technology.
K6: The enterprise has a deep understanding of the relevant knowledge of product development.
K7: The enterprise is proficient in using unique operational knowledge.
I1: The new services developed by the company can always achieve the expected benefits.
I2: The services developed by the company can always fully achieve the results expected by customers.
I3: The company always completes the development of professional services ahead of schedule.
I4: The company has a high success rate in developing new services.