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. 2023 Jun 20;9(2):45–52. doi: 10.1016/j.afos.2023.06.001

Table 4.

Secondary causes of osteoporosis.

Endocrine disorders Acromegaly
Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2)
Growth hormone deficiency
Hypercortisolism
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Hypogonadism
Rheumatological disorders Rheumatoid arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Haematological disorders Multiple myeloma
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Beta thalassemia major
Systemic mastocytosis
Gastrointestinal disorders Chronic liver disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Malabsorption syndrome
Post gastric bypass surgery
Neurological disorders Epilepsy
Parkinsonism
Stroke
Nephrological disorders Idiopathic hypercalciuria
Chronic kidney disease
Renal tubular acidosis
Other medical conditions Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Post-transplantation
Malnutrition
Genetic disorders Osteogenesis imperfecta
Marfan's syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Medications Anti-epileptic drugs
Aromatase inhibitors
Anticoagulant (heparin, warfarin)
Immunosuppressant (cyclosporine A, tacrolimus)
Glucocorticoids
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Pioglitazone
Proton pump inhibitor
Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor