Table 4.
Secondary causes of osteoporosis.
Endocrine disorders | Acromegaly |
Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) | |
Growth hormone deficiency | |
Hypercortisolism | |
Hyperparathyroidism | |
Hyperthyroidism | |
Hypogonadism | |
Rheumatological disorders | Rheumatoid arthritis |
Ankylosing spondylitis | |
Systemic lupus erythematosus | |
Haematological disorders | Multiple myeloma |
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance | |
Beta thalassemia major | |
Systemic mastocytosis | |
Gastrointestinal disorders | Chronic liver disease |
Inflammatory bowel disease | |
Primary biliary cirrhosis | |
Malabsorption syndrome | |
Post gastric bypass surgery | |
Neurological disorders | Epilepsy |
Parkinsonism | |
Stroke | |
Nephrological disorders | Idiopathic hypercalciuria |
Chronic kidney disease | |
Renal tubular acidosis | |
Other medical conditions | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | |
Post-transplantation | |
Malnutrition | |
Genetic disorders | Osteogenesis imperfecta |
Marfan's syndrome | |
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome | |
Medications | Anti-epileptic drugs |
Aromatase inhibitors | |
Anticoagulant (heparin, warfarin) | |
Immunosuppressant (cyclosporine A, tacrolimus) | |
Glucocorticoids | |
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist | |
Medroxyprogesterone acetate | |
Pioglitazone | |
Proton pump inhibitor | |
Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor |