Table 1.

General information on the surveys used to assess E-cigarette use among youth and adults in the United States.

Survey	Funding Institution	Conducting Institution	Method of data collection	Population	First Inclusion of E-cigarette Questions	Periodicity	Sample Size
National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS)	FDA and CDC	FDA and CDC	School-based Self-administered In-person offline tablet-based but in 2021, due to COVID-19, was fully online so that eligible participants could access from classrooms, at home, or from other remote learning environments.	Middle school (Grades 6–8) High school (Grades 9–12)	2011	1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, and annually from 2011	∼15,000–20,000
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)	CDC	National by the CDC School-based state, territorial, tribal, and large urban school district surveys conducted by education and health agencies	School-based Self-administered anonymously by using a computer-scannable questionnaire booklet	High school (Grades 9–12) in public and private schools	2015	Biennially during the spring of odd-numbered years	∼14,517
Monitoring the Future Survey (MTF)	National Institute on Drug Abuse	University of Michigan	Paper and pencil questionnaires in schools; changed to use of electronic tablets in 2019. The 8th and 10th grade questionnaires are completely anonymous, and in 12th grade they are confidential (name and address information gathered separately from the 12th grade questionnaire to permit the longitudinal follow- up of random subsamples of participants)	8th, 10th, and 12th grade students	2014	Annually	∼50,000
International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC) Youth Tobacco and Vaping Survey—US Study	Partly by the US National Institutes of Health	University of Waterloo	Online Web Panel	16–19-year-old individuals recruited from Nielsen Consumer Insights Global Panel.	2017	Annually, with additional semi-annual waves	∼4500
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)	Primarily funded by the CDC; various state programs may fund additional modules or questions	State-health departments with technical and methodological assistance from CDC	Telephone interview	Noninstitutionalized adults ≥18 years	2016	Annually But e-cigarette questions are part of the core module in 2016, 2017, and 2021 and as optional model in 2018 and 2020. No e-cigarette data in 2019	∼400,000 sample adult respondents nationally per year
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)	CDC Sponsored content are questions funded by other federal agencies or other centers within CDC about topics of interest to the sponsor.	Designed by the CDC's National Center for Health Statistics Administered by U.S. Census Bureau	Computer-assisted personal interviewing. Face-to-face interviews are conducted in respondents' homes, but follow-ups to complete interviews may be conducted over the telephone	Residents of households and noninstitutional group quarters 18+ years for tobacco questions	2014	Annually	∼87,500 persons in 35,000 households
Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey (CPS-TUS)	National Cancer Institute	U.S. Census Bureau	Computerized document that is administered by Census Bureau field representatives through personal and telephone interviews	Civilian, noninstitutionalized population ages 18 years and older if the household is eligible for the supplement, the interviewer attempts to interview everyone (18 years or older) in the household	2014/2015	Every 3–4 years (up to 2018–2019 data available)	∼ 240,000 individuals within a given survey period.
Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS)	National Cancer Institute	National Cancer Institute and Westat	Previously by random digit dialing landline telephone alone or with mail questionnaire. Now self-administered mail questionnaire	Adults 18 years or older in the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population.	2012	Biennial	∼3000–6000
The Tobacco Products and Risk Perception Surveys (TPRPS)	FDA Center for Tobacco Products	Georgia State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS)	Online Web Panel	Noninstitutionalized U.S. adults (18 years or older) drawn from Gfk's KnowledgePanel	2014	Annual	∼6000
International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey—US Study	Partly by the US National Cancer Institute	University of Waterloo with support from the Medical University of South Carolina	Online Web Panel	Adults (18 years or older) drawn from GfK KnowledgePanel and other opt-in partner panels.	2016	Biennial	∼2500–2800
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)	CDC	CDC's National Center for Health Statistics	Health interviews are computer-based in respondent's home; Health measurements are in-person in specially designed and equipped mobile centers	Noninstitutionalized civilian resident all ages	2013	Annually but data released every two years	∼5000–10,000
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)	Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and supervised by the SAMHSA's Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality.	Directed by SAMHSA Conducted by Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International	Formerly: Personal interviews and self-enumerated answer sheets Currently: Audio Computer-Assisted Self-interviewing (ACASI) Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)-Interviewers read less-sensitive questions to respondents and enter the respondents' answers on the laptop. English/Spanish versions available.	Adolescents and adults (≥12 years)	2020	Annually	∼70,000
Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH)	A collaboration between the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Tobacco Products and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)	Westat, an independent research firm in Maryland	Telephone/field interview Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing Computer-assisted personal interview Computer-assisted telephone interview	U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged ≥12 years. Shadow youth (aged 9–11 years)	2014	Biannually	∼45,971 at wave 1 (plus 7207 “shadow youth”) 14,098 replenishment sample added at wave 4. Total at wave 4: 52,731