Table 1.
Baseline characteristics between short and long cap users with acute hematochezia
| Unmatched cohort (n = 6460) | Propensity‐matched cohort (n = 3098) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short cap (n = 4638) | Long cap (n = 1822) | P‐value | Short cap (n = 1549) | Long cap (n = 1549) | P‐value | SMD | |
| Age (years), median (range) | 74 (20–102) | 74 (20–99) | 0.14 | 73 (20–102) | 73 (20–99) | 0.88 | 0.005 |
| Sex (female/male) | 1583/3055 | 665/1157 | 0.077 | 576/973 | 549/1000 | 0.33 | 0.036 |
| Body mass index, median (range) | 22.8 (12.3–43.8) | 22.8 (12.2–49.8) | 0.57 | 22.7 (12.3–41.5) | 22.8 (12.2–49.8) | 0.81 | 0.014 |
| Current drinker | 1907 (49) | 802 (48) | 0.75 | 758 (49) | 746 (48) | 0.67 | 0.016 |
| Current smoker | 758 (19) | 265 (16) | 0.010 | 237 (15) | 238 (15) | 1.00 | 0.002 |
| Vital signs | |||||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg, median (range) | 128 (50–275) | 128 (40–221) | 0.60 | 127 (55–226) | 128 (40–221) | 0.83 | 0.002 |
| Heart rate/min, median (range) | 83 (30–149) | 84 (45–161) | <0.001 | 85 (42–149) | 84 (45–161) | 0.97 | 0.012 |
| Presenting symptoms | |||||||
| Loss of consciousness | 353 (7) | 104 (6) | 0.007 | 83 (5) | 87 (6) | 0.81 | 0.011 |
| Abdominal pain | 408 (9) | 138 (8) | 0.12 | 101 (7) | 105 (7) | 0.83 | 0.01 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Dementia | 239 (5) | 59 (3) | <0.001 | 47 (3) | 52 (3) | 0.68 | 0.018 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 885 (19) | 384 (21) | 0.070 | 344 (22) | 335 (22) | 0.73 | 0.014 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 705 (15) | 203 (11) | <0.001 | 155 (10) | 162 (11) | 0.72 | 0.015 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 164 (4) | 37 (2) | 0.001 | 32 (2) | 34 (2) | 0.90 | 0.009 |
| Connective tissue disease | 177 (4) | 77 (4) | 0.44 | 68 (4) | 69 (5) | 1.00 | 0.003 |
| Chronic heart failure | 370 (8) | 154 (9) | 0.54 | 113 (7) | 129 (8) | 0.32 | 0.038 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 707 (15) | 285 (16) | 0.70 | 260 (17) | 251 (16) | 0.70 | 0.016 |
| Liver disease | 172 (4) | 64 (4) | 0.77 | 46 (3) | 58 (4) | 0.27 | 0.043 |
| Hypertension | 2700 (58) | 1140 (63) | 0.001 | 968 (63) | 968 (63) | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1227 (27) | 594 (33) | <0.001 | 513 (33) | 517 (33) | 0.91 | 0.005 |
| Medication † | |||||||
| Low‐dose aspirin ‡ | 984 (21) | 384 (21) | 0.92 | 321 (21) | 335 (22) | 0.57 | 0.022 |
| Thienopyridines § | 508 (11) | 175 (10) | 0.12 | 145 (9) | 152 (10) | 0.71 | 0.015 |
| Cilostazol | 127 (3) | 36 (2) | 0.093 | 32 (2) | 30 (2) | 0.90 | 0.009 |
| Warfarin | 316 (7) | 143 (8) | 0.15 | 128 (8) | 124 (8) | 0.84 | 0.009 |
| DOAC ¶ | 307 (7) | 76 (4) | <0.001 | 59 (4) | 58 (4) | 1.00 | 0.003 |
| Corticosteroid | 262 (6) | 102 (6) | 1.00 | 87 (6) | 84 (5) | 0.88 | 0.008 |
| Colonoscopy‐associated factors | |||||||
| Timing of colonoscopy ≤24 h | 3171 (68) | 1374 (75) | <0.001 | 1162 (75) | 1165 (75) | 0.93 | 0.004 |
| Full preparation with polyethylene glycol | 3191 (69) | 1223 (67) | 0.20 | 1049 (68) | 1045 (68) | 0.91 | 0.006 |
| Use of water‐jet device | 3836 (83) | 1707 (94) | <0.001 | 1436 (93) | 1451 (94) | 0.32 | 0.038 |
| CT‐associated factors | |||||||
| Contrast‐enhanced CT before colonoscopy | 2296 (50) | 891 (49) | 0.68 | 772 (50) | 770 (50) | 0.97 | 0.003 |
| Extravasation in the colorectal region on CT | 630 (14) | 286 (16) | 0.029 | 238 (15) | 240 (16) | 0.96 | 0.004 |
†
Medication use was defined as intermittent or regular oral administration within 2 weeks before admission.
‡
Low‐dose aspirin included enteric‐coated aspirin and buffered aspirin.
§
Thienopyridine included clopidogrel and ticlopidine.
¶
DOAC included dabigatran etexilate, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban.
Data are presented as n (%). Bold values indicate P < 0.05. Analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test.
CT, computed tomography; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; SMD, standard mean difference.