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External and intrinsic SAs in carbon-based SACs
(A–C) Schematic illustrations of the increase in catalytic activity by downsizing the active component and the further increase by increasing the SAs loading (A), the common approach to synthesize carbon-based SACs with the active center of M1N4: (i) create vacancies and (ii) capture single heteroatoms (i.e., external SAs) (B), and the conjugation of MTP molecules having natural M1N4 centers to SACs with high-loading intrinsic SAs (C).
