Table 3. Pre-intervention parameters .
KPS: Karnofsky Performance Status
PaO2: Partial pressure of arterial oxygen
PaCO2: Partial pressure of arterial carbon di oxide
ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists
ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
IQR: Interquartile range
VC: Vital capacity in liters
FVC: Forced vital capacity in liters
FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in 1 second in liters
PEF: Peak expiratory flow in liters/min
PEFR: Peak expiratory flow rate in liters/min
MRC: Medical Research Council
| Authors | Pulmonary function testing | Imaging | Site of lesion/location of obstruction | Degree of obstruction | Dyspnea grade/additional scoring systems and scales used | Type of stenosis | Blood gas parameters | |
| 1. | Dalar L et al [8]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | The primary lesions were confined only to the trachea in 65 (11.9%) patients; trachea and right main bronchus in 87 (15.9 %) patients; trachea and left main bronchus in 20 (15.9 %) patients; trachea and both main bronchi in 121 (22.1 %) patients, and the right and left bronchial systems in 9 (1.6%) patients. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| 2. | Dutau H et al [9]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| 3. | Grosu HB et al [10]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Intrinsic compression in 28 patients. Extrinsic compression in 3 patients. Complex in 36 patients. Other/Mixed in 5 patients. 0 patients had fistula formation. | Not mentioned |
| 4. | Huang S et al [11]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Dyspnea grade: 0 in 13 patients. 1 in 17 patients. 2 in 13 patients. 3 in 3 patients. | Intrinsic compression in 28 patients. Extrinsic compression in 11 patients. Complex obstruction in 0 patients. Fistula formation in 17 patients. | |
| 5. | Iyoda A et al [12]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| 6. | Lachkara S et al [13]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | SYS group: Metastatic disease in 22 patients, locally advance disease in 18 patients. SEMYS group: Metastatic disease in 24 patients, locally advance disease in 14 patients. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| 7. | Ma G et al [14]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Middle-lower trachea in 45 cases, right main bronchus in 3 cases, left main bronchus in 2 cases, coexisting at the trachea and one-sided bronchus in 2 cases. | Not mentioned | KPS value (Mean ± SD) : 68.58 ± 8.08. | Not mentioned | PaO2 (Mean ± SD): 7.74 ± 0.99. PaC02: (Mean ± SD) 5.37 ± 0.39. |
| 8. | Marchese R et al [15]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | ASA Score (Mean ± SD): 3 ± 0.5. ECOG Score (Mean ± SD): 1.7 ± 0.6. Modified MRC 2.7 ± 0.8 | Intrinsic compression in 10 cases. Extrinsic compression in 12 cases. Complex in 27 cases. Fistula in 1 case. | |
| 9. | Marchese R et al [16]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | The obstructions were noted to be in the left lower lobe bronchus, left upper lobe bronchus, left secondary carina, right lower lobe bronchus, right primary carina and right secondary carina. | Not mentioned | ECOG Score (Mean ± SD): 1.8 ± 0.7. MMRC dyspnea score, (Mean ± SD): 2.6 ± 0.8). Oxygen Saturation (Mean ± SD): 95 % ± 2. Barthel index (Mean ± SD): 82 ± 2.5). | Intrinsic compression in 8 patients. Extrinsic compression in 10 patients. Complex in 31 patient. Fistula formation in 0 patients. | |
| 10. | Marchioni A et al [17]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Trachea, n (%): Total, 21 (21). Integrated treatment, 16 (27). Standard treatment, 5 (13). Main right bronchus, n (%): Total, 60 (60). Integrated treatment, 35 (58). Standard treatment, 25 (63). Main left bronchus, n (%): Total, 47 (47). Integrated treatment 29 (48). Standard treatment, 18 (45). Carina, n (%): Total, 17 (17). Integrated treatment, 15 (25). Standard treatment, 2 (5). Extensive involvement, n (%): Total, 17 (17). Integrated treatment, 15 (25). Standard treatment, 2 (5). | Obstruction, % (IQR): Total, 65 (60-75). Integrated treatment 70 (65-75). Standard treatment 65 (65-75). | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| 11. | Miyazawa T et al [18]. | VC in liters (Mean ± SD): 1.97 ± 0.54. FVC in liters (Mean ± SD): 1.40 ± 0.51. PEF in liters per second (Mean ± SD): 2.9 ± 1.4. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | 81 ± 15% before stent placement | Dyspnea grade 0, I, II, III, IV in 0, 3, 8, 8, and 15 patients respectively before stent placement. | Intrinsic Compression in 22 cases. Extrinsic Compression in 12 cases. | Not mentioned |
| 12. | Miyazawa T et al [19]. | Tracheal stenosis: FVC in liters (Mean ± SD), 2.94 ± 0.95. FEV1 in liters (Mean ± SD), 1.67 ± 0.60. PEF in liters per second (Mean ± SD), 3.14 ± 1.67. Vmax 50% in liters per second (Mean ± SD), 1.70 ± 1.26. Vmax 25% in liters per second (Mean ± SD), 0.82 ± 0.50. Carinal Stenosis: FVC in liters (Mean ± SD), 2.59 ± 0.82. FEV1 in liters (Mean ± SD), 1.56 ± 0.68. PEF in liters per second (Mean ± SD), 2.44 ± 1.22. Vmax 50% in liters per second (Mean ± SD), 1.21 ± 0.80. Vmax 25% in liters per second (Mean ± SD), 0.62 ± 0.65. Bronchial Stenosis: FVC in liters (Mean ± SD), 2.04 ± 0.55. FEV1 in liters (Mean ± SD), 1.46 ± 0.40. PEF in liters per second (Mean ± SD), 3.31 ± 1.47. Vmax 50% in liters per second (Mean ± SD), 1.54 ± 0.70. Vmax 25% in liters per second (Mean ± SD), 0.53 ± 0.31 . Extensive stenosis: FVC in liters (Mean ± SD), 2.22 ± 0.63. FEV1 in liters (Mean ± SD), 1.06 ± 0.36. PEF in liters per second (Mean ± SD), 1.58 ± 0.71. Vmax 50% in liters per second (Mean ± SD), 0.82 ± 0.54. Vmax 25% in liters per second (Mean ± SD), 0.47 ± 0.48. | Not mentioned | Tracheal stenosis in 20 patients, Carinal stenosis in 16 patients, Bronchial stenosis in 18 patients, Extensive stenosis from the trachea, carina, extending to the bronchi due to tumor and/or mediastinal lymphadenopathy in 10 patients. | Not mentioned | Dyspnea grade, number of patients (n): Tracheal stenosis: 0 (0), I (0), II (0), III (9), IV (11). Carinal Stenosis: 0 (0), I (0), II (0), III (9), IV (7). Bronchial stenosis: 0 (0), I (0), II (0), III (13), IV (5). Extensive stenosis: 0 (0), I (0), II (0), III (1), IV (9). | Extrinsic Compression in 64 patients | Not mentioned |
| 13. | Monnier P et al [20]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Trachea in 11 patients, at the level of the carina in 6 cases (left -sided prevalence in 4 and right-sided in 2). Tumoral stenosis involved the left main bronchus in 11 cases, the right main or intermediate bronchus in 10 cases, and 1 case each where only the right main or intermediate bronchus was implicated. | The severity of the stenosis ranged from total obstruction to a residual lumen of approximately 6 mm (median diameter, 3.8 mm). Expressed as percentages, the residual lumina represented an average obstruction of 75% (±25%). The length of the stenosis was estimated to be, on average, 34 mm, with extremes ranging from 20 to 50 mm. Bronchial obstruction (degree in %), number of patients (n): 0-25%, 0. 25-50%, 3. 50-75%, 14. 75-90%, 10. 90-100%, 13. | Dyspnea grade 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 in 1, 2, 7, 17, and 13 patients respectively. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| 14. | Nakajima Y et al [21]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | The trachea in eight patients, trachea and left main bronchus in nine, trachea and right main bronchus in three, and left main bronchus in two. | Not mentioned | ECOG Score: Four patients were categorized as grade 4, 13 as grade 3 and five as grade 2. Hugh Jones classification: 13 patients were categorized as grade 5 and nine as grade 4. | Intrinsic Compression in 5 patients. Extrinsic Compression in 17 patients. | Not mentioned |
| 15. | Oki M et al [22]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Trachea, 16 patients (53%). Trachea and bronchus, 6 patients (20%). Bronchus, 8 patients (26%). | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Intrinsic Compression, 0 patients. Extrinsic Compression, 7 patients. Complex, 23 patients. Fistula Formation: With atelectasis, 6 patients. Right lung, 2 patients. Left lung, 2 patients. Right middle and lower lobe, 2 patients. No atelectasis, 0 patients. | Not mentioned |
| 16. | Özdemir C et al [23]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | The ASA (Mean ± SD) patient score prior to intervention was 2.64 ± 0.74 (Range 1 to 4). | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| 17. | Razi SS et al [24]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Extent of luminal obstruction 75 to 90% in 10 patients (20%), more than 90% in 40 patients (80%). | MRC dyspnea scale score mean value: 4.40. Mean preoperative ASA score was 3.31. Mean preoperative ECOG performance status score of 3.36. | Intrinsic Compression in 5 patients. Extrinsic Compression in 10 patients. Complex in 32 patients. Fistula Formation in 3 patients. | Not mentioned |
| 18. | Righini C et al [25]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Tracheal, 43 patients. Tracheobronchial, 11 patients. Bronchial, 15 patients. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| 19. | Saji H et al [26]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Performance status 0-2, 44 patients. Performance status 3-4, 4 patients. Unknown performance status, 11 patients. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| 20. | Tayama K et al [27]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | The right mainstem bronchus, 1 patient. The left mainstem bronchus in3 patients. The trachea alone in 9 patients. The trachea and one mainstem bronchus in 3 patients. The trachea and both mainstem bronchi in 2 patients. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Intrinsic Compression in 15 patients. Extrinsic Compression in 5 patients. | Not mentioned |
| 21. | Verma A et al [28]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Tracheal, 10 patients. Left main Bronchus, 16 patients. Right main bronchus, 8 patients. Mixed, 5 patients. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| 22. | Wilson GE et al [29]. | FEV1 (Mean ± SD), 1.13 ± 0.41. FVC (Mean ± SD), 1.96 ± 0.7. PEFR (Mean ± SD), 134 ± 12. | Not mentioned | Trachea, 20 patients. Right bronchial tree, 10 patients. Left bronchial tree, 12 patients. Both main bronchi, 3 patients. Trachea and left main bronchus, 4 patients. Trachea and right main bronchus, 3 patients. Trachea and both main bronchi, 6 patients. | Thirty patients (53%) had >90% obstruction of a main bronchus and the remaining 26 had partial obstruction (over 50%) of their trachea or of a main bronchus (or both main bronchi) at bronchoscopy examination. | MRC (Mean ± SD) 5 ± 0. Karnofsky score (Mean ± SD) 29.1 ± 11.4. Visual analogue score (Mean ± SD) (breathing), 40 ± 23. Visual analogue score (Mean ± SD) (walking), 51 ± 23. | Not mentioned | PaO2 (Mean ± SD), 8.81 ± 2.7. PaCO2 (Mean ± SD), 5.33 ± 1.0. pH (Mean ± SD), 7.45 ± 0.03. |
| 23. | Yerushalmi R et al [30]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Left mainstem bronchus (31%), trachea (26%), right mainstem bronchus (26%), subglottic (14%), and bronchus intermedius (3%). | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| 24. | Zwischenberger JB et al [31]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Karnofsky scores in the range of 50 to 70, 9 patients. Greater than 70, 2 patients. Less than 50, 3 patients. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| 25. | Akram MJ et al [32]. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Bronchial stenosis, 18 patients. Tracheal stenosis, 11 patients. Tracheo-esophageal fistula, 10 patients. Tracheal stenosis and fistula, 7 patients. Bronchial stenosis and fistula, 2 patients. Bronchial fistula, 3 patients. | Not mentioned | ECOG score (Mean ± SD): 3.65 ± 0.6 | Intrinsic Compression in 20 patients. Extrinsic Compression in 13 patients Mixed in 5 patients. Fistula formation in 13 patients. | Oxygen Saturation (Mean ± SD): 89.8 ± 6.7. PaO2 (Mean ± SD): 72.3 ± 12.3. |
| 26. | Bolliger CT et al [33]. | FEV1 (Mean ± SD) of all 26 patients: 1.2 ± 0.5 FVC (Mean ± SD) of all 26 patient: 2.1 ± 0.7 | Not mentioned | Right main bronchus, 10 patients. Left main bronchus, 8 patients. Trachea, 7 patients. Tracheo-bronchial, 2 patients. | Diameter of affected airway <50% of normal after resection of endoluminal components of obstruction, or diameter of >50% of affected airway after resection of endoluminal component of obstruction if no other therapeutic option available (i.e., radio-chemotherapy). | Dyspnea index of all 26 patients (Mean ± SD): 3.3 ± 0.7 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
| 27. | Chhajed PN et al [34]. | FEV1, median (IQR): Out of 87 patients whose spirometry was available: 62% (49 to 72%). FVC, median (IQR): Out of 87 patients whose spirometry was available: 68% (55 to 78%) | Not mentioned | Values given as in number of procedures (total procedures were 167): Trachea, 26. Trachea plus either or both the main bronchi, 20. Left bronchial system, 52. Right bronchial system, 68. Left as well as the right bronchial system, 1. | Airway obstruction more than 50% of the lumen. | Not mentioned | Intrinsic Compression: 101 procedures performed for intrinsic lesions. Extrinsic Compression: 101 procedures performed for extrinsic lesions. Mixed/Combined: 49 procedures performed for combined intrinsic and extrinsic lesions. 2 procedures were performed for treatment of stump insufficiency after pneumonectomy and 5 for treatment of an esophageal tracheobronchial fistula (grouped together as airway insufficiency). | Not mentioned |