Table I.

Multiple disorders contributing to presbystasis reported in publications underlying non-vestibular causes.

Author	Sample numerosity	Performed tests	Clinical condition	Results\intervention\conclusions
Gleason et al., 2009 19	172	Mini mental scale (MMSE)	Dementia	Minimal decrements of MMSE correlated with increased risk of fall
Muir et al., 2020 20	Meta-analysis of 21 publications	Performed tests	Different subsystems	Increased risk of fall
American Geriatric Society, 2011 21	Meta-analysis	-	Vision impairment
			Postural hypothension
			Cognitive impairment
Tinetti et al., 1994 22	301	Full medical assessment	Postural hypotension; use of sedatives; use of at least four prescription medications; impairment in arm or leg strength	Multiple-risk-factor intervention strategy resulted in a significant reduction in the risk of falling
Close et al., 1999 23	184	Full medical assessment	Postural hypotension; use of sedatives; impairment in arm or leg strength	Multiple risk factors intervention leads to a decreased number of falls
Davison et al., 2005 24	128 fallers	24 hours ECG	49% (63) of recordings in fallers and 41% (41) of recordings in controls were abnormal	Increased risk of fall in subjects with ECG abnormalities
	100 case controls
	Both 75 years or older
	Matched for other comorbidities
Lord et al., 1991 25	95 (mean age 82)	Vision, vestibular, proprioceptive tests	Vision, vestibular, proprioceptive, muscoloskeletal	Proprioceptive, visual and muscoloskeletal disorders mainly correlated with presbystasis
		Stabilometry
Clark et al., 1993 26	81 (mean age 83)	Full medical examination with an attention on cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, gastrointestinal, haemopoietic, genitourinary	Cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, psychiatric	Impaired cognition, abnormal reaction to any push or pressure, history of palpitations were predictive for falls
Jack et al., 1995 27	200	Full visual examination	Vision	Fallers have a high prevalence of visual impairment
Lord et al., 1992 28	50	Six tests of sensorimotor function	Proprioception	27% of fallers had poor proprioception
		Use of psychoactive drugs	Drugs use	Psychoactive-drug use was associated with falling
Nevitt et al., 1989 29	325 (age over 60)	Clinical history	Proprioception	Multiple risk factors increase risk of falls
			Neurological disorders
Zetterberg, 2015 31	Review	Visual examination	Vision	Increased presbystasis in subjects with visual impairment
Armstrong et al., 2021 32	-	Hearing, vision, olfaction, proprioception, and vestibular function		Multiple sensory impairment correlated with risk of fall
Kannus et al., 2005 45	Review	Multiple interventions		Suggested regular exercise, vitamin D and calcium supplementation, withdrawal of psychotropic medication, cataract surgery