TABLE 1.
Baseline participant characteristics according to PASE categories.
| Characteristic | PASE | ||||
| Total | Low | Medium | High | p | |
| n | 196 | 65 | 66 | 65 | |
| Age, y | 72.65 (5.95) | 73.76 (6.57) | 72.77 (5.53) | 71.18 (5.46) | 0.051a |
| Female, No. (%) | 138 (70.41) | 42 (64.62) | 53 (80.30) | 43 (66.15) | 0.095b |
| Education, No. (%) | 0.351b | ||||
| ≥13 year | 42 (21.43) | 16 (24.62) | 14 (21.21) | 12 (18.46) | |
| 10–12 year | 51 (26.02) | 16 (24.62) | 16 (24.24) | 19 (29.23) | |
| 4–9 year | 85 (43.37) | 28 (43.08) | 33 (50.00) | 24 (43.08) | |
| 0–3 year | 18 (9.18) | 5 (7.69) | 3 (4.55) | 10 (15.38) | |
| MMSE | 25.58 (3.45) | 25.38 (3.75) | 25.34 (3.59) | 26.12 (2.85) | 0.373a |
| APOE4 positivity, No. (%) | 42 (21.43) | 12 (18.46) | 15 (22.73) | 15 (23.08) | 0.775b |
| Clinical diagnosis, CN, No. (%) | 113 (57.65) | 36 (55.38) | 35 (53.03) | 42 (64.62) | 0.367b |
| VRS, % | 23.98 (18.58) | 26.23 (18.51) | 24.18 (18.85) | 21.05 (18.24) | 0.300a |
| GDS score | 10.92 (7.24) | 10.84 (7.11) | 11.38 (7.23) | 10.44 (7.51) | 0.763a |
| UPDRS, Gait disturbance requiring assistance | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Alcohol drink status, No (%) | 0.179b | ||||
| Never | 107 (54.59) | 30 (46.15) | 41 (62.12) | 36 (55.38) | |
| Former | 34 (17.35) | 16 (24.62) | 9 (13.64) | 12 (18.46) | |
| Drinker | 55 (28.06) | 19 (29.23) | 19 (28.79) | 17 (26.15) | |
| Blood markers | |||||
| Hemoglobin | 13.33 (1.51) | 13.17 (1.72) | 13.33 (1.48) | 13.51 (1.26) | 0.459a |
| Albumin | 4.57 (0.26) | 4.56 (0.27) | 4.59 (0.26) | 4.56 (0.25) | 0.736a |
| Glucose, fasting | 108.15 (19.94) | 107.76 (15.62) | 107.23 (17.49) | 109.79 (26.64) | 0.760a |
| zinc | 80.77 (11.15) | 80.39 (9.87) | 79.99 (11.92) | 82.21 (11.66) | 0.507a |
| Copper | 94.26 (16.73) | 93.70 (15.22) | 95.27 (18.47) | 93.64 (16.34) | 0.817a |
| Nutritional markers | |||||
| Protein, No (%) | 0.047b | ||||
| High (Always) | 44 (22.45) | 19 (29.23) | 15 (22.73) | 10 (15.38) | |
| Moderate (Sometimes) | 81 (41.33) | 18 (27.62) | 33 (50.00) | 30 (46.15) | |
| Low (Seldom) | 71 (36.22) | 28 (43.08) | 18 (27.27) | 25 (38.46) | |
| Fruit, No (%) | |||||
| High (Always) | 109 (55.61) | 34 (52.31) | 41 (62.12) | 34 (51.52) | 0.772b |
| Moderate (Sometimes) | 44 (22.45) | 15 (23.08) | 13 (19.70) | 16 (24.62) | |
| Low (Seldom) | 43 (21.94) | 16 (24.62) | 12 (18.18) | 15 (1.54) | |
| Vegetables, No (%) | 0.123b | ||||
| High (Always) | 125 (63.78) | 39 (60.00) | 45 (68.18) | 41 (63.08) | |
| Moderate (Sometimes) | 45 (22.96) | 14 (21.54) | 11 (16.67) | 20 (30.77) | |
| Low (Seldom) | 26 (13.27) | 12 (18.46) | 10 (15.15) | 4 (6.15) | |
| Fried foods, No (%) | 0.363b | ||||
| High (Always) | 21 (10.71) | 6 (9.23) | 6 (9.09) | 9 (13.85) | |
| Moderate (Sometimes) | 24 (12.24) | 12 (18.46) | 7 (10.60) | 5 (7.69) | |
| Low (Seldom) | 148 (75.51) | 47 (72.31) | 52 (78.79) | 49 (75.38) | |
| Fatty foods, No (%) | 0.858c | ||||
| High (Always) | 13 (6.63) | 6 (9.23) | 4 (6.06) | 3 (4.62) | |
| Moderate (Sometimes) | 27 (13.78) | 9 (13.85) | 8 (12.12) | 10 (15.38) | |
| Low (Seldom) | 154 (78.57) | 50 (76.92) | 53 (80.30) | 51 (78.46) | |
| Salty foods, No (%) | 0.022b | ||||
| High (Always) | 23 (11.73) | 6 (9.23) | 5 (7.58) | 12 (18.46) | |
| Moderate (Sometimes) | 27 (13.78) | 15 (23.08) | 8 (12.12) | 4 (6.15) | |
| Low (Seldom) | 144 (73.47) | 44 (67.69) | 52 (78.79) | 48 (73.85) | |
| Three meals, No (%) | 0.180b | ||||
| High (Always) | 114 (58.16) | 46 (70.77) | 33 (50.00) | 35 (53.85) | |
| Moderate (Sometimes) | 64 (32.65) | 15 (23.08) | 25 (37.88) | 24 (36.92) | |
| Low (Seldom) | 16 (8.16) | 4 (6.15) | 7 (10.61) | 5 (7.69) | |
| Inter-meal snack, No (%) | 0.141b | ||||
| High (Always) | 114 (58.16) | 48 (73.85) | 35 (53.03) | 31 (47.69) | |
| Moderate (Sometimes) | 64 (32.65) | 15 (23.08) | 28 (34.85) | 21 (32.30) | |
| Low (Seldom) | 16 (8.16) | 5 (7.69) | 7 (10.61) | 4 (6.15) | |
| CERAD cognition | |||||
| Total score | 69.98 (15.61) | 68.12 (17.79) | 69.58 (14.52) | 72.70 (13.96) | 0.254a |
| Episodic memory score | 35.10 (9.48) | 34.53 (7.31) | 34.52 (9.70) | 37.05 (9.48) | 0.174a |
| Non-memory score | 34.25 (6.62) | 33.53 (7.31) | 34.49 (6.05) | 34.81 (6.45) | 0.523a |
PASE, physical activity scale for the elderly; MMSE, mini-mental status examination; APOE4, apolipoprotein ε4; CN, cognitively normal; MCL, minimum cost of living; VRS, vascular risk score; GDS, geriatric depression scale; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; CERAD, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease.
Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation), unless otherwise indicated.
a by one-way analysis of variance.
b by chi-square test.
c by fisher exact test.