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. 2023 Jul 11;14:1193223. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1193223

TABLE 2.

Basic characteristics of the included literature.

Study Country Duration, (weeks) Sample Mean age Exercise category Summary description of exercise intervention, frequency, intensity, time, and type (F.I.T.T) Outcome measures reported
Shaibi et al. (2006) United States 16 11 15.6 ± 0.5 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, BFP, FM, FFM
11 15.1 ± 0.5 RT-HI 2 d/week; week1–4: 62–71% of 1RM; weeks 5∼10: 74–88% of 1RM; weeks11∼16: 92–97% of 1RM; less than 60 min; periodized resistance exercise
Wong et al. (2008) Singapore 12 12 14.3 ± 1.5 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, BPF, FM, FFM
12 13.8 ± 1.1 COM-M 2 d/week; 65%–85% HRmax and 55%–65% 1RM; 55 min; aerobic exercise and resistance training
Karacabey (2009) Turkey 12 20 11.2 ± 0.8 CON no exercise Weight, BMI
20 11.8 ± 0.5 AE-M 3 d/week; 60%–65%HRR; 65 min; walking–jogging exercise
Farpour-Lambert et al. (2009) Switzerland 12 22 8.8 ± 1.6 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, BPF, FFM
22 9.1 ± 1.4 AE-M 3 d/week; 55%–65% HRmax; 60 min; aerobic exercise
Lee et al. (2010) Korea 10 18 13.3 ± 1.2 CON no exercise BMI
16 12.8 ± 1.5 AE-HI 3 d/week; 60%–80% VO2max and 70%–90% HRmax; 60 min; aerobic exercise
20 13.9 ± 1.2 COM-M 3 d/week; 70%–80% maximum strength; 60 min; circuit weight training and aerobic exercise
Saygın (2011) Turkey 12 19 10–12 a CON no exercise Weight, BMI, BPF
20 AE-M 3 d/week; 50%–60% HRmax; 60–90 min; aerobic exercise
Song et al. (2011) Korea 12 10 12.6 ± 0.2 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, BPF, FM, FFM
12 12.7 ± 0.2 AE-M 3 d/week; 60%–70% HRmax; 50 min; aerobic exercise
Lee et al. (2012) Korea 12 13 14.8 ± 1.4 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, FM, FFM
16 15.2 ± 1.9 AE-M 3 d/week; 50%–75% VO2max; 60 min; treadmills, ellipticals, or stationary bikes
16 14.6 ± 1.5 RT-M 3 d/week; 60% 1RM; 60 min; whole-body exercises
Regaieg et al. (2012) Tunisia 16 14 10.6 ± 0.7 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, BPF
14 10.9 ± 0.6 AE-HI 1 day/week; 70%–85% HRmax; 60 min; combination of games and sports activities
Lee et al. (2013) Korea 12 15.0 ± 2.2 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, BPF
16 14.6 ± 1.9 AE-M 3 d/week; 50%–75% VO2max; 60 min; treadmills
16 14.8 ± 1.9 RT-M 3 d/week; 60% 1RM; 60 min; whole-body exercises
Alberga et al. (2013) Canada 12 7 10 ± 2 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, FM, BPF, FFM
12 10 ± 1 RT-M 2 d/week; 65%–85% 1RM; 75 min; resistance exercise
Jeon et al. (2013) Korea 12 7 12.4 ± 0.7 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, FM, BPF
8 13.1 ± 0.5 COM-M 2 d/week; 55%–75% HRmax walking exercise and 70% 1RM rubber band exercise; 85 min
Sigal et al. (2014) Canada 22 76 15.6 ± 1.3 CON no exercise FM. BPF, FFM
75 15.5 ± 1.4 AE-HI 4 d/week; 65%–85% HRmax; 20 min–45 min; treadmills, elliptical machines, or bicycle ergometers
78 15.9 ± 1.5 RT-HI 4 d/week; 2 sets×15 repetitions at moderate intensity and 3 sets of 8 repetitions at the maximum resistance; 20 min–45 min
75 15.5 ± 1.3 COM-HI 4 d/week; full aerobic training program plus the resistance training program; 20 min–45 min
Youssef et al. (2015) Lebanon 12 9 16.3 ± 0.5 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, BPF, FFM
14 16.1 ± 0.3 AE-HI 3 d/week; 75%–75% HRR; 90 min; aerobic exercise and interval training
Monteiro et al. (2015) Brazil 20 16 11.04 ± 1.9 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, FM, BPF, FFM
18 11.0 ± 1.02 AE-HI 3 d/week; 65%–85%VO2max; 50 min; walking and running
14 11.03 ± 1.34 COM-HI 3 d/week; 65%–85%VO2max for aerobic exercise and 55%–75% RM for resistance training; 60 min; 50% of resistance training followed by 50% of the aerobic exercise
Tan et al. (2016) China 10 13 9.4 ± 0.9 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, FM, BPF, FFM
11 9.4 ± 1.3 AE-M 5 d/week; HR of FATmax intensity; 60 min; walking, running, and ball game
Vasconcellos et al. (2015) Brazil 12 10 14.8 ± 1.4 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, BPF
10 14.1 ± 1.3 AE-HI 3 d/week; 84.5% ± 4.1% HRmax; 60 min; recreational soccer program
Racil et al. (2016) Tunisia 12 14 14.2 ± 1.2 CON no exercise Weight, BPF
16 AE-M 3 d/week; 80% maximal aerobic speed; 60 min; moderate-intensity interval training
17 AE-HI 3 d/week; 100% maximal aerobic speed; 60 min; high-intensity interval training
Giovanni et al. (2017) Italy 16 12 12.21 ± 0.43 AE-M 3 d/week; 45%–50% HRR; 60 min; cycle-ergometers and treadmills Weight, BMI, BPF, FFM
15 12.73 ± 0.70 RT-M 3 d/week; 13-RM; 60 min; isotonic machines
14 12.67 ± 0.65 RT-HI 3 d/week; 9-RM; 60 min; isotonic machines
Tan et al. (2017) China 10 21 5.1 ± 0.4 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, FM, BFP, FFM
21 AE-M 5 d/week; 50% HRR; 60 min; quick walking, slow running, jumping, rope skipping, semi-squatting
Khammassi et al. (2018) Tunisia 12 10 17.4 ± 1.1 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, BPF
10 17.8 ± 0.7 AE-HI 3 d/week; alternate 30 s of running at 100% of MAV and 30 s of active recovery at 50% of MAV; 50 min; running
Dias et al. (2018) Australia 12 34 11.8 ± 2.4 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, FM, BPF, FFM
32 11.9 ± 2.4 AE-M 3 d/week; 60%–70% HRmax; 44 min; moderate-intensity continuous training
33 12.4 ± 1.9 AE-HI 3 d/week; 85%–95% HRmax; 40 min; high-intensity interval training
Cvetković et al. (2018) Serbia 12 14 11–13 a CON no exercise Weight, BMI, FM, BPF, FFM
10 AE-HI 3 d/week; 60 min; 75%–90% HRmax; Football training
Wong et al. (2018) Korea 12 15 15.3 ± 1.1 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, BPF
15 15.2 ± 1.2 COM-M 3 d/week; 40%–70%HRR; 60 min; resistance band exercise and treadmill walking
Martín-García et al. (2019) Spain 12 28 11.1 ± 2.6 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, BPF, FM, FFM
19 11.5 ± 2.4 AE-HI 2 d/week; 75.5% HRmax; 90 min; aerobic games and some strength exercises
Deldin et al. (2019) United States 12 27 15.1 ± 1.7 AE-M 3 d/week; 50%–75%VO2max; 60 min; treadmills, ellipticals, or stationary bikes Weight, BMI
28 14.8 ± 1.5 RT-M 3 d/week; whole body resistance training (1–2 sets, 8–12 repetitions); 60 min; weight machines
Kim et al. (2019) Korea 12 24 15 ± 1 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, BPF
24 15 ± 1 AE-M 5 d/week; 40%–70% HRR; 50 min; jump rope exercise
Duft et al. (2020) Brazil 12 19 14.7 ± 1.1 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, FM, BPF
18 14.4 ± 1.4 COM-M 3 d/week; 60% VO2max; 60 min; resistance training and aerobic training
Said et al. (2021) Saudi Arabia 12 15 17.74 ± 1.42 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, BPF
15 AE-M 4 d/week; 50%–70% HRmax; 60 min; treadmills, ellipticals, or stationary bikes
16 RT-M 4 d/week; 50%–75% 1RM; 60 min; resistance training
15 COM-M 4 d/week; 50%–70% HRmax for aerobic exercise and 50%–75% 1RM for resistance training; 60 min; 50% of resistance training and 50% of the aerobic exercise
Bouamra et al. (2022) Tunisia 9 12 12.8 ± 0.9 AE-HI 3 d/week; 80%–110% VO2max; running; 60 min Weight, BMI, BPF, FM, FFM
12 12.7 ± 0.9 RT-HI 3 d/week; 3–4 sets × 10 RM; thera-band; 60 min
13 13.2 ± 0.9 COM-HI 3 d/week; 80%–110% VO2max for aerobic exercise and 2 sets × 10 RM for resistance training; 60 min; 50% of resistance training and 50% of the aerobic exercise
Cao et al. (2022) China 12 13 11.0 ± 0.7 CON no exercise Weight, BMI, FM, BPF, FFM
11 11.2 ± 0.7 AE-M 3 d/week; 60%–70% HRmax; 30–40 min; moderate-intensity continuous training
12 11.4 ± 0.8 AE-HI 3 d/week; 80%–90% HRmax; 30–40 min; high-intensity interval training
Salus et al. (2022) Estonia 12 14 13.7 ± 0.4 CON no exercise Weight, FM, BPF, FFM
14 13.1 ± 0.3 AE-HI 3 d/week; 79.8%–81.7% HRmax; 29–38 min; all-out sprint interval training

BMI, body mass index; BFP, body fat percentage; FM, fat mass; FFM, fat-free mass; AE-M, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise; AE-HI, high-intensity aerobic exercise; RT-M, moderate-intensity resistance exercise; RT-HI, high-intensity resistance exercise; COM-M, moderate-intensity combined exercise; COM-HI, high-intensity combined exercise; CON, blank controls; VO2max, maximal oxygen uptake; reps, repetitions; RM, repetition maximum; HRmax, maximum heart rate; HRR, heart rate reserve.

a

Age range for entire study sample not mean (SD).