Table 2.

Secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungus with their respective structure and functions.

Secondary Metabolites	Endophytic Fungi	Function	Reference
Terpenoids	Pestalotiopsis microspora, Penicillium brevicompactum, Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides	Participates in moderating cross-talk between endophytic fungi-host plants and also intervenes in the endophytic fungi-microbiome interaction. Act as signaling molecules between fungal-bacterial interaction and at times also aids in plant-growth promotion. These have different bioactive attributes like anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-parasitic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, herbicidial, and hypoglycemic properties.	de la Porte et al. (2020), Schulz-Bohm et al. (2017), Ditengou et al. (2015), Kaddes et al. (2019), and Ancheeva et al. (2020)
Steroids	Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Xylaria sp. Neosartorya sp., Nodulisporium sp.	Lipid-based biologically active compound having a range of anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-parasitic properties. Few examples include ergosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, 22-hydroxy-cholesterol, brassicasterol, aspergilolide	Alam et al. (2021), Zhang et al. (2019), Nowak et al. (2016), and Yang et al. (2015)
Xanthones	Aspergillus fumigatus, Phomopsis sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Diaporthe sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Exserohilum rostratum	Polysubstituted polyketide derivatives with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Xanthones and its derivatives have potential, phytotoxic, cytotoxic, anti-protozoal, antibacterial properties. Also few xanthones like vertixanthone, danthron, globosuxanthone have shown antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi.	Ming et al. (2022), Pina et al. (2021), Miao et al. (2020), and Kaddes et al. (2019)
Quinones	Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp., Xylaria sp., Phoma sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Aspergillus sp., Talaromyces assiutensis	These have a wide spectrum of medicinal properties. Phomol and phomenone are types of quinone known for their antibacterial properties. Other derivatives Xylarione, Pestaloside, Fusaric Acid are reported to have anti-tumor activities and hence are being studied for being potential anti-cancer drugs. These also possess antioxidant and antiviral attributes.	Lou et al. (2013), Christiansen et al. (2021), Mishra R. C. et al. (2021), and Ancheeva et al. (2020)
Phenols	Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Taxomyces andreanae, Phomopsis sp., Curvularia lunata, Cryptosporiopsis sp., Aspergillus flavus, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae, Vernonia amygdalina	There are a variety of properties of different phenolic compounds extracted from endophytic fungi.Taxol, for example, has found extensive use in chemotherapy for its anti-cancer property. Similarly, resveratrol, gallic acid, curcumin, catechin has been found to exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial attributes.	Ancheeva et al. (2020), Praptiwi et al. (2020), Yadav et al. (2014), and Subban et al. (2013)
Mycorrhizin	Plectophomella sp., Pezicula sp.	These secondary metabolites exhibit significant cytotoxic, nematicidal, antibacterial antifungal properties. Also having such distinct antimicrobial activities reflects potential usage in food industries.	Adeleke and Babalola (2021), Preethi et al. (2021), McMullin et al. (2017), Hussain et al. (2014), and Schulz et al. (2015)
Furandiones	Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium solani, Fusarium graminearum, Phoma sp.	These secondary metabolites are characterized by the presence of a furan ring. It is suggested these metabolites have a role in host-fungus interaction by protecting the host plant against phytopathogenic invasion. Furandione like beauvericin, phomodine, terrein, camptothecin, fumitremorgin C, have antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial properties.	Wang et al. (2022), Pavithra et al. (2020), Garcia et al. (2012), Ding et al. (2019), and Rajashekar et al. (2016)
Isocoumarin	Xylaria grammica, Xylaria mali, Xylaria cubensis, Ampelomyces sp., A. truncatum, Xylariaceae sp., Geotrichum sp., Aspergillus banksianus	These are bioactive molecules having a vast arena of antimicrobial, algicidal, antimycobacterial, antiplasmodial, antiviral, antimalarial activities. Also these have plant growth regulatory functions along with protein kinase inhibitory acetylcholinesterase, and glucosidase activity. Different derivatives of isocoumarins have also been reported to have significant anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and cytotoxic properties.	Lv et al. (2023), Cheng et al. (2020), and Noor et al. (2020)