Table 1.

Summarized description of some of the commonly used research technologies for studying non-coding RNAs.

Technology	Description	Refs.
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)	High-throughput sequencing technique to measure the abundance and diversity of all RNAs in a sample, including ncRNAs.	[5]
Northern blotting	Classical method for detecting and quantifying RNA molecules based on their size and sequence.	[31]
RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH)	Technique for visualizing RNA molecules in fixed cells or tissues using fluorescently labeled probes.	[76]
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockdown or editing	Genome editing tool to manipulate ncRNA expression or function.	([32]; Li et al., 2020b)
RNA pull-down	Technique for identifying protein partners of specific ncRNAs by capturing them with biotinylated RNA probes.	[30,40]
RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)	Technique for identifying RNA molecules that interact with specific proteins in cells or tissues using antibodies.	[4]
Small RNA sequencing	High-throughput sequencing technique to measure the abundance and diversity of small RNAs, including miRNAs and siRNAs.	[18]
Ribosome profiling	Technique for measuring the translation efficiency of mRNAs by sequencing the ribosome-protected fragments of RNA.	[38]
RNA interference (RNAi)	Technique for knocking down gene expression using siRNAs or shRNAs.	[26,87]
Chromatin isolation by RNA purification (ChIRP)	Technique for identifying genomic loci that are bound by specific ncRNAs, by purifying the chromatin associated with the RNA.	[12]