Table 1.
Current and Notable Clinical-Stage Nonergoline DAs in PD and Their Dopamine Receptor Subtype Selectivity.
| Name of DAa | Clinical statusb | Dopamine receptor selectivityc |
|---|---|---|
| Pramipexole | Approved in the EU and United States [101], [102] | D3 > D4 > D2≫D1,D5 [24] |
| Ropinirole | Approved in the EU and United States [103], [104] | D3 > D2 ∼ D4 > D1,D5 [24] |
| Rotigotine | Approved in the EU and United States [105], [106] | D3≫D4 ∼ D5 ∼ D2 > D1 [40] |
| Apomorphine | Approved in the United States [21] | D4 > D5 > D3 > D2 > D1 [24] |
| Piribedil | Approved in the EU [107] | D2 ∼ D3 ∼ D4≫D1,D5 [24] |
| Tavapadon | Investigational, phase 3 [108], [109], [110] | D1, D5 selective [50] |
| KDT3594 | Investigational, phase 2 [111] | D2 selective [112] |
| Lu AF28996 | Investigational, phase 1 [113] | D1, D2 selective [114] |
a
This table does not distinguish agents by type of formulation (e.g., sublingual, extended release, transdermal, subcutaneous, oral, infusion, polymer conjugate, etc.).
b
As of November 2022.
c
For approved DAs, dopamine receptor selectivity is presented based on binding affinities (Ki) as reported in the literature [24], [40]. For investigational DAs where Ki values were not reported, selectivity is presented based on descriptions in reported literature. DA, dopamine agonist; PD, Parkinson’s disease.