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. 2023 Jul 11;14:1156774. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156774

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Copyright © 2023 Luo, Li, Wu, Yang, Ye, Hu, Gao, Zeng, Fei, Li and Jiang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Distribution and proportion of innate and adaptive immune cells in the immune microenvironment of labial salivary glands (LSGs) of patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS). (A) Histological features of focal lymphocytic sialadenitis (FLS) in the LSGs of patients with pSS, including lymphoepithelial lesions (LELs) and germinal centre (GC)-like structures. The red arrow represents plasma cells containing immunoglobulins (haematoxylin and eosin staining; original magnification at ×100 or ×400). (B) Various immune cells were scattered in the glandular tissue of patients without pSS (haematoxylin and eosin staining; original magnification at ×200 or ×400). (C) The proportion of innate and adaptive immune cells infiltrating the glandular tissue was determined using the CIBERSORT algorism. (D) Violin plot demonstrating the abundance of 43 types of immune cells evaluated using the ssGSEA algorithm. (E) Correlation between the expression of marker genes of the salivary gland and mitochondria and the abundance of immune cells in LSGs in the pSS and control groups. Orange represents a positive correlation, and blue represents a negative correlation. (F) Heatmap demonstrating the enrichment scores of the abovementioned genes and immune cells evaluated using the ssGSEA algorithm and stromal, immune and ESTIMATE scores calculated using the ESTIMATE algorithm. Each column represents an individual patient sample, and each row represents an individual gene or immune cell type, ordered via unsupervised hierarchical clustering.