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. 2023 Jul 11;14:1156774. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156774

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Copyright © 2023 Luo, Li, Wu, Yang, Ye, Hu, Gao, Zeng, Fei, Li and Jiang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Adaptive immune-related co-expression network generated using WGCNA and mitochondrial-related gene enrichment analysis. (A) Hierarchical clustering correlation among WGCNA modules. A total of 11 gene co-expression modules were identified. (B) Heatmap demonstrating module–trait relationships. Green indicates a positive correlation and orange indicates a negative correlation between the expression of genes in the modules and the abundance of innate immune cells. The number in each immune cell indicates the correlation coefficient and p-value. (C) Significantly enriched clusters marked in different colours in the network were annotated using Metascape (left panel). Different colours represent different GO terms. The Venn diagram (right panel) demonstrates the 207 overlapping genes between mitochondria-related genes and genes in the black and blue modules. (D) Bar graph demonstrating the results of GO functional annotation analysis of the 207 genes performed using Metascape. (E) PPI network revealed three clusters related to pyrimidine metabolism, apoptosis and ribosomes. (F) Heatmap demonstrating the functional categories of adaptive immune cells based on the 207 mitochondria-related genes as examined using Proteomaps. Each protein encoded by a known ID gene is represented by a polygon, and functionally related proteins are arranged in common and similar regions. (G) Heatmap of 21 differentially expressed genes related to mitochondria. (H) The correlation between the 21 genes and mitochondrial metabolic pathways was examined via Pearson correlation analysis. Orange indicates a positive correlation, whereas blue indicates a negative correlation (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01). (I) GSEA was used to evaluate the abundance of CD4⁺ T, CD8⁺ T and plasma cells in the Hallmark gene set. (J) GSEA was used to evaluate the abundance of CD4⁺ T, CD8⁺ T and plasmas in the KEGG gene set.