. 2023 Jul 24;6(7):e2324389. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.24389

Table 1. Description and Reliability of Measures for Adolescent Outcomes and Social Media Practices by Gender Identity.

Variables	Reliability, Cronbach α	Mean (SD)			F value	P value	Effect size (partial η²)
Variables	Reliability, Cronbach α	Female	Male	TGNB	F value	P value	Effect size (partial η²)
Outcome
Depression^a	0.93	2.22 (0.87)	2.07 (0.93)	2.80 (0.91)	22.54	<.001	0.035
Emotional problems^b	0.84	1.98 (0.59)	1.72 (0.63)	2.33 (0.54)	45.96	<.001	0.070
Conduct problems^c	0.71	1.52 (0.45)	1.60 (0.50)	1.68 (0.46)	6.64	<.001	0.011
Body image^d	0.88	3.00 (1.01)	3.52 (0.83)	2.26 (0.91)	79.87	<.001	0.115
Social media variables
Social media time	NA	3.22 (2.00)	3.05 (2.05)	2.82 (1.73)	1.61	.20	0.003
Age at first smartphone	NA	11.25 (1.99)	11.28 (2.26)	11.25 (2.09)	0.31	.74	0.001
Active use	0.65	2.97 (0.95)	3.45 (1.00)	2.98 (0.90)	30.74	<.001	0.057
Passive use	NA	3.74 (1.16)	3.77 (1.11)	3.74 (1.18)	0.09	.91	0.000
Problematic social media use	0.83	1.13 (0.45)	1.51 (0.56)	1.12 (0.57)	67.35	<.001	0.117
School media literacy	NA	2.92 (1.31)	3.60 (1.25)	2.15 (0.57)	51.15	<.001	0.090
Intentional breaks	NA	4.93 (1.20)	4.99 (1.18)	4.92 (1.19)	0.26	.77	0.001
Social comparisons	0.82	2.55 (1.06)	2.94 (1.24)	2.67 (1.08)	13.37	<.001	0.026
Cleaning and/or curating feed	0.84	3.29 (1.40)	3.41 (1.50)	3.70 (1.39)	3.757	.02	0.007
Mindful social media use	0.82	3.34 (1.34)	3.25 (1.28)	3.38 (1.45)	0.644	.53	0.001

Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; TGNB, transgender and nonbinary.

^{^a}

For transformations of depression outcome variables, the low depression group was 0 to 1.9, and the high depression group was 2.0 to 4.0.

^{^b}

For transformations of emotional problem outcome variables, the low emotional problem group was 0 to 1.9, and the high emotional problem group was 2.0 to 3.0.

^{^c}

For transformations of conduct problem outcome variables, the low conduct problem group was 0 to 1.9, and the high conduct problem group was 2.0 to 3.0.

^{^d}

For transformations of body image outcome variables, the low and/or moderate body image group was 1.0 to 2.9, and the high body image group was 3.0 to 5.0.