Table 2. Contribution to Volume of Taxed and Untaxed Beverages and Contribution to Energy of Taxed and Untaxed Foods in 2012 (Pretax), and Change to 2016 and 2018 (Posttax)a.
| Beverage or food | 24-hr Recall | FFQ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012, Mean (SE) | 2016 vs 2012, β (95% CI) | 2012, Mean (SE) | 2016 vs 2012, β (95% CI) | 2018 vs 2012, β (95% CI) | |
| Total energy, kcal | 1922.8 (18.3) | −73.7 (−137.7 to −9.8) | 1800.2 (14.4) | 153.7 (112.6 to 194.8) | −22.3 (−59.1 to 14.6) |
| Beverages | |||||
| All beverages, mL | 1423.2 (17.6) | 132.4 (58.0 to 206.7) | 1580.0 (18.8) | 577.3 (518.4 to 636.2) | 304.4 (254.4 to 354.5) |
| Taxed beverages, % mL | |||||
| Overall | 21.1 (0.5) | −2.3 (−4.4 to −0.2) | 18.3 (0.4) | −3.2 (−4.2 to −2.2) | −3.7 (−4.8 to −2.7) |
| Carbonated beverages | 13.7 (0.4) | −0.2 (−2.1 to 1.7) | 13.6 (0.4) | −2.5 (−3.4 to −1.6) | −2.9 (−3.8 to −2.0) |
| Noncarbonated beverages | 7.5 (0.3) | −2.1 (−3.1 to −1.1) | 4.6 (0.2) | −0.7 (−1.2 to −0.2) | −0.8 (−1.3 to −0.4) |
| Untaxed beveragesb | |||||
| Overall | 78.6 (0.5) | 2.6 (0.5 to 4.7) | 81.7 (0.4) | 3.2 (2.2 to 4.2) | 3.7 (2.7to 4.8) |
| Homemade SSB and juicesc | 23.5 (0.5) | 0.8 (−1.9 to 3.5) | 12.0 (0.4) | 5.9 (4.8 to 6.9) | 7.1 (6.1 to 8.2) |
| Unsweetened beveragesd | 16.0 (0.4) | −4.5 (−5.8 to 3.6) | 19.1 (0.4) | −5.0 (−5.9 to −4.0) | −6.1 (−7.1 to −5.1) |
| Water | 37.3 (0.6) | 6.7 (4.0 to 9.3) | 48.6 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.9 to 3.8) | 2.9 (1.4 to 4.4) |
| Foods | |||||
| All foods, kcal | 1571.4 (15.7) | −61.2 (−116.6 to −5.8) | 1441.3 (11.9) | 94.7 (61.1 to 128.3) | −14.3 (−44.6 to 15.9) |
| Taxed foods, % kcal | |||||
| Overall | 17.5 (0.3) | −3.0 (−4.2 to −1.8) | 18.6 (0.3v | −3.9 (−4.6 to −3.2) | −3.6 (−4.2 to −3.0) |
| Sweet bread from bakery | 6.6 (0.3) | 0.1 (−1.1 to 1.4) | 6.1 (0.2) | −1.3 (−1.8 to −0.8) | −0.7 (−1.2 to −0.8) |
| Packaged sweet bread and cookiese | 4.8 (0.2) | −1.5 (−2.1 to −0.9) | 5.3 (0.2) | −1.6 (−2.0 to −1.2) | −2.7 (−3.0 to −2.3) |
| Other taxed foodsf | 6.1 (0.2) | −1.6 (−2.2 to 1.1) | 7.2 (0.1) | −1.0 (−1.3 to −0.6) | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.1) |
| Untaxed foods, % kcal | |||||
| Overall | 82.4 (0.3) | 3.1 (1.9 to 4.3) | 81.4 (0.3) | 3.8 (3.1 to 4.5) | 3.6 (2.9 to 4.2) |
| Whole grains | 22.6 (0.4) | 1.6 (0.1 to 3.0) | 27.1 (0.4) | 3.8 (3.3 to 4.3) | 2.1 (1.7 to 2.5) |
| Refined grains and tubers | 15.2 (0.3) | 0.9 (−0.4 to 2.2) | 11.7 (0.2) | −1.6 (−1.8 to −1.3) | −1.5 (−1.7 to −1.2) |
| Legumes and nuts | 4.7 (0.2) | −0.2 (−0.8 to 0.3) | 4.5 (0.1) | −0.9 (−1.1 to −0.6) | −1.4 (−1.6 to −1.1) |
| Fruits | 3.8 (0.2) | 0.3 (−0.3 to 0.9) | 6.8 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1 to 0.9) | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2) |
| Vegetables | 3.0 (0.1) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) | 4.5 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.1) |
| Processed meats | 1.7 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1 to 0.9) | 1.6 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.1) |
| Other animal sourcesg | 19.2 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.3 to 3.4) | 18.5 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.6 to 1.7) | 2.4 (1.9 to 2.9) |
| Fats | 10.5 (0.2) | −0.6 (−1.5 to 0.3) | 4.5 (0.1) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.2) |
| Sugars and desserts | 1.1 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1 to 0.9) | 1.3 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.5) | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.1) |
Abbreviations: FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage.
Adjusted by age group, sex, urban/rural area, region, socioeconomic status, education level of adults aged 20 years or older and education level of the head of the household for participants aged less than 20 years, log-transformed state-level gross domestic product, and state-level unemployment rate.
Includes alcohol and the following subgroups: homemade SSB and juices, unsweetened beverages, and water.
Includes not bottled/homemade sweetened fruit drinks, aguas frescas, coffee, tea or milk, and juices.
Includes unsweetened fruit drinks, coffee, tea, milk, and industrialized beverages with artificial sweeteners.
Includes packaged sweet bread and cookies, cereal bars, and pastries.
Includes salty snacks, ready-to-eat cereals, chocolate, candies, ice cream, sorbets, spreads, and jellies.
Includes poultry, eggs, unprocessed red meat, cheese, and seafood.