Table 3. Nutritional Dietary Profile in Total Foods and Beverages Consumed in 2012 (Pretax), 2016, and 2018 (Posttax) Subdivided by Taxed and Untaxed Itemsa,b.
| Beverage or Food | 24-hr Recall | FFQ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012, mean (SE) | 2016 vs 2012, β (95% CI) | 2012, mean (SE) | 2016 vs 2012, β (95% CI) | 2018 vs 2012, β (95% CI) | |
| Beverages | |||||
| Added sugar from beverages, kcal/100mL | |||||
| Overall | 12.4 (0.2) | −1.1 (−2.0 to −0.2) | 13.2 (0.4) | -2.8 (−3.5 to −2.0) | −2.9 (−3.8 to −2.1) |
| Added sugar from taxed beverages | 7.2 (0.2) | −0.4 (−1.2 to 0.5) | 7.9 (0.2) | −1.4 (−1.9 to −1.0) | −1.6 (−2.0 to −1.1) |
| Added sugar from untaxed beverages | 5.2 (0.2) | −0.7 (−1.3 to −0.1) | 5.3 (0.3) | −1.3 (−2.0 to −0.7) | −1.4 (−2.1 to −0.6) |
| Foods | |||||
| Added sugar from foods, % kcal | |||||
| Overall | 5.1 (0.1) | −0.6 (−1.0 to −0.2) | 7.0 (0.1) | −1.1 (−1.4 to −0.8) | −1.3 (−1.5 to −1.0) |
| Added sugar from taxed foods | 3.6 (0.1) | −0.9 (−1.2 to −0.7) | 5.2 (0.1) | −1.1 (−1.3 to −0.9) | −1.0 (−1.2 to −0.8) |
| Added sugar from untaxed foods | 1.5 (0.1) | 0.3 (−0.0 to 0.6) | 1.9 (0.0) | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.2) | −0.2 (−0.3 to −0.1) |
| Saturated fat from foods, % kcal | |||||
| Overall | 11.5 (0.1) | −0.8 (−1.1 to −0.4) | 10.9 (0.1) | −0.3 (−0.5 to −0.0) | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.8) |
| Saturated fat from taxed foods | 3.0 (0.1) | −0.6 (−0.8 to −0.3) | 2.8 (0.0) | −0.4 (−0.5 to −0.3) | −0.2 (−0.3 to −0.1) |
| Saturated fat from untaxed foods | 8.5 (0.1) | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2) | 8.1 (0.1) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.0) |
| Energy density from foods, kcal/100 g | |||||
| Overall | 192.6 (1.1) | −9.8 (−13.8 to −5.8) | 163.1 (0.8) | −5.7 (−7.7 to −3.8) | 1.0 (−0.8 to 2.8) |
| Energy density from taxed foods | 31.5 (0.7) | −5.9 (−9.0 to −2.9) | 31.9 (0.5) | −7.2 (−8.6 to −5.8) | −5.8 (−7.1 to −4.6) |
| Energy density from untaxed foods | 159.6 (1.0) | −2.9 (−6.1 to 0.4) | 131.2 (0.7) | 1.5 (−0.2 to 3.2) | 6.8 (5.3 to 8.4) |
Abbreviation: FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire.
a
Adjusted by age group, sex, urban/rural area, region, socioeconomic status, education level of adults aged 20 years or older and education level of the head of the household for participants aged less than 20 years, log-transformed state-level gross domestic product, and state-level unemployment rate.
b
Subdivision by taxed/untaxed categories means that the nutritional content in total beverages or foods is divided by the parts consumed in taxed/untaxed items (eg, not the nutritional content in each taxed/untaxed item).