Table 3. Characteristics of the studies.
| Title | Authors | Year | Country of origin | SS‡ | Sex | Age | Assessment scale | Disorder | Q.E.* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| An ecological model approach to language disorder and lived experience of young male offenders | Fitzsimons D, y Clark A.14 | 2021 | United Kingdom | 9 | M | 20;1 | The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals® - Fourth Edition | Language disorder (44%) | High |
| Speech and language therapy for adolescents in youth justice: A series of empirical single-case studies | Swain NR, et al.15 | 2020 | Australia | 4 | M | 18;1 - 17;6 - 18;2 - 13;11 | La Trobe Communication Questionnaire | Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Dyslexia, difficulties with language and literacy skills, speech difficulties (100% total) | Med. |
| Auditory processing disorders in incarcerated youth: A call for early detection and treatment | Berken JA, et al.16 | 2019 | United States of America | 52 | M/F | 16 | Randomized Dichotic Digits Test (RDDT) / Dichotic Words Test (DWT) | Auditory processing disorders (77%) | High |
| You have the right to remain silent: The ability of adolescents with developmental language disorder to understand their legal rights | Lieser AM, et al.17 | 2019 | United States of America | 40 | M/F | 15;8 - 15;9 | The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals® - Fourth Edition | Language Development Disorder (50%) | High |
| Language diversity, language disorder, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among youth sentenced to detention in Western Australia | Kippin NR, et al.18 | 2018 | United Kingdom | 98 | M/F | 16;2 | The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals® - Fourth Edition | Language disorders (50%) | High |
| Mental health morbidity among people subject to immigration detention in the UK: A feasibility study | Sen P, et al.19 | 2017 | United Kingdom | 101 | M | 31;65 | MINI v6.0/ SAPAS/ AQ-10/ASRS/ LDSQ/CANFOR | Autistic Spectrum Disorder (14.9%) e Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (13.9%) | High |
| Examining the association between language, expository discourse and offending behavior: An investigation of direction, strength and independence | Hopkins T, et al.20 | 2017 | United Kingdom | 52 | M/F | 16 | The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals® - Fourth Edition | Language disorders (81%) | High |
| Neurodevelopmental disorders in young violent offenders: Overlap and background characteristics. Psychiatry | Billstedt E, et al.21 | 2017 | Sweden | 270 | M | 22;3 | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition | Autistic Spectrum Disorder (10%) e Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (43%) | High |
| Language impairment and comorbid vulnerabilities among young people in custody | Hughes N, et al.22 | 2017 | United Kingdom | 93 | M | 16;9 | Test of Word Knowledge (TOWK; Wiig & Secord, 1989) | Language and communication difficulties (47%) | High |
| Neurodevelopmental disorders in prison inmates: Comorbidity and combined associations with psychiatric symptoms and behavioral disturbance | Young S, et al.23 | 2017 | United Kingdom | 390 | M | 30;3 | The Autism Quotient (AQ) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) / Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults - 2.0 (DIVA 2.0) (Kooij, 2010) | Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (24.5%) e Autistic Spectrum Disorder (9%) | High |
| Intervening to address communication difficulties in incarcerated youth: A phase 1 clinical trial | Snow PC y Woodward MN. 24 | 2016 | Australia | 6 | M | 17,7 | The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals® - Fourth Edition | Severe language difficulties (100%) | High |
| Hearing, auditory processing, and language skills of male youth offenders and remandees in youth justice residences in New Zealand | Lount SA et al.25 | 2016 | New Zealand | 33 | M | 16;04 | The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals® - Fourth Edition | Language disorder (64%) | High |
| Characteristics of prisoners with neurodevelopmental disorders and difficulties | McCarthy J, et al.26 | 2016 | United Kingdom | 240 | M | 31,3 | Learning Disability Screening Questionnaire (McKenzie & Paxton 2006; McKenzie et al. 2012) / ADHD self-report scale (Adler et al. 2003) / Autism Quotient (Brugha et al. 2009; Brugha et al. 2011). | Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (65%) e Autistic Spectrum Disorder (46%) | Med. |
| Young offenders’ perspectives on their literacy and communication skills | Hopkins T, et al.27 | 2015 | United Kingdom | 31 | M/F | 16 | Semi-structured interviews | Low language ability (100%) | High |
| Language functioning, mental health and alexithymia in incarcerated young offenders | Snow PC, et al.28 | 2015 | Australia | 100 | M/F | 17,1 | The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals® - Fourth Edition / Test of Language Competence-Expanded (TLC-E). | Language difficulty (37%) | Med. |
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Prevalence and socio-demographic features in imprisoned population | Pérez CR, et al.29 | 2015 | Spain | 143 | M/F | 35 - 41 | Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) / Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) | Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (25%) | High |
| Miranda rights comprehension in young adults with specific language impairment | Rost GC y McGregor KK.30 | 2012 | United States of America | 34 | M/F | 18-25 años de edad‡ | Test of Adolescent and Adult Language- Fourth Edition (TOAL-4; Hammill, Brown, Larsen, & Wiederholt, 2007) | Language Specific Commitment (50%) | High |
| Oral and written language in institutionalized juvenile offenders | Destro CMA, et al.31 | 2012 | Brazil | 40 | M/F | 15-18 años de edad‡ | Toulouse Exame - Standart Inicial | Data did not indicate language disorders (oral and/or written) | Low |
| Oral language competence in incarcerated young offenders: Links with offending severity | Snow PC y Powell MB.32 | 2011 | Australia | 100 | M | 19;03 | Three sub-tests of the Test of Language Competence- Expanded edition (Wiig & Secord, 1989) / The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals® - Fourth Edition | Language difficulties (46%) | High |
| Speech and language therapy intervention with a group of persistent and prolific young offenders in a non-custodial setting with previously undiagnosed speech, language and communication difficulties | Gregory J y Bryan K.4 | 2010 | United Kingdom | 72 | M/F | 15;35 | The Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals® - Fourth Edition | Language difficulties (65%) | High |
| Language and communication difficulties in juvenile offenders | Bryan K, et al. 33 | 2007 | United Kingdom | 58 | M/F | 17 | Test for Reception of Grammar: Version 2 (TROG-2) (Bishop 2003) / British Picture Vocabulary Scale (BPVS-II) (Dunn et al. 1997 / Test of Adolescent and Adult Language, 3rd Edn (TOAL-3) (Hammill et al. 1994) (verbal subtests) | Language difficulties (66% to 90%) | High |
| Prevalence of attention deficit-/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid disorders in young male prison inmates | Rösler M, et al.34 | 2004 | Germany | 129 | M | 19;2 | Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS)/Eysenck Impulsivity Questionnaire (EIQ) / Alcohol Use Disorder Test (AUDIT) / International Personality / Disorder Examination (IPDE) / Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). | Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (45%) | Med. |
| Preliminary study of the prevalence of speech and language difficulties in young offenders | Karen B8 | 2003 | United Kingdom | 30 | M | 19;5 | Test of Adolescent Language and the Test of Adolescent and Adult Language (TOALE) (Hammill et al. 1994) | Speech, language and communication difficulties (47%) | High |
| Female incarcerated adolescents with language problems talk about their own communication behaviors and learning | Sanger D, et al. 35 | 2003 | United States of America | 13 | F | 15;43 | Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-3 (CELF-3) (Semel, Wiig, & Secord, 1995) / Adolescent WORD Test (WORD Test) (Zachman, Huisingh, Barrett, Orman, & Blagden, 1989) | Language difficulty (100%) | Med. |
| Communicative disorders in a group of adult female offenders | Wagner CO, et al. 36 | 1983 | United States of America | 50 | M | 27;64 | Subtest V of the Token Test (De Renzi and Vignolo, 1962) | Difficulties with articulation, hearing, receptive language, fluency (stuttering) and voice disorders (44% total) | Med. |
| Total | 2188 |
Nota. *Q.E.: Quality evaluation (STROBE). † STROBE: Assessment of the quality of selected studies, based on the essential items of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Declaration. ‡SS: Sample size; §Med: Medium. ||Not described by the authors. ¶Authors did not state average age / Age in Years.