Table 2.
Sleep duration and stroke incidence—prospective studies.
| Study | Sample Size | Sleep Duration (Hours/Day) | Long Sleeper % | Follow-Up Duration (Years) | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | Country | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long | Short | Long | Short | |||||
| 2011, Kronholm [41] | 24,025 | ≥10 | ≤5 | 2.6% | 29–34 | 1.4 | 1.15 | Finland |
| 2020, Zhou [42] | 31,750 | ≥9 | <6 | 23.9% | 6.2 | 1.23 (1.07–1.41) | 1.10 (0.69–1.75) | China |
| 2008, Chen [40] | 93,175 | ≥9 | ≤5 | 4.6% | 7.5 | 1.70 (1.32–2.21) | 1.14 (0.97–1.33) | USA |
| 1997, Qureshi [43] | 7844 | >8 | <6 | 8.5% | 10 | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | USA |
| 2021, Joundi [16] | 82,795 | ≥10 | <4 | 1.2% | 9.1 | 2.26 (1.02–5.00) | 1.38 (0.63–3.02) | Canada |
| 2020, Titova [44] | 79,881 | ≥9 | <7 | 6.1% | 14.6 | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | Sweden |
| 2012, von Ruesten [45] | 23,620 | ≥9 | <6 | 7.5% | 7.8 | 1.65 (1.00–2.73) | 2.06 (1.18–3.59) | Europe |
| 2016, Song [46] | 95,023 | >8 | <6 | 1.7% | 7.9 | 1.29 (1.01–1.64) | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | China |
| 2020, Butler [47] | 4522 | ≥9 | <6 | 4.9% | 12 | 1.32 (1.02–1.70) | 1.56 (1.06–2.30) | USA |
| 2018, Li [48] | 1928 | ≥9 | <7 | 10.2% | 4.94 | 2.24 (1.05–4.79) | 1.27 (0.75–2.16) | China |
| 2015, Leng [49] | 9692 | >8 | <6 | 10% | 9.5 | 1.46 (1.08–1.98) | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) | UK |
| 2020, Ji [50] | 27,712 | >8 | <6 | 18.9% | 7 | 1.40 (1.08–1.75) | 1.63 (1.23–2.11) | China |
| 2020, Li [51] | 2687 | >8 | <6 | 30.3% | 3.7 | 1.79 (1.22–2.63) | 1.20 (0.72–2.00) | China |
| 2018, Petrov [52] | 16,733 | ≥9 | <6 | 6.8% | 6.1 | 1.71 (1.06–2.76) | 1.58 (0.90–2.79) | USA |
| 2020, Ye [53] | 8968 | >9 | <6 | 9.4% | 3 | 2.01 (1.18–3.43) | 2.25 (0.97–5.20) | China |
| 2015, Helbig [54] | 15,746 | ≥10 | ≤5 | 4% | 14 | 1.38 (0.98–1.94) | 1.36 (0.95–1.94) | Germany |
| 2011, Hamazaki [55] | 2282 | ≥8 | <6 | 22.3% | 14 | 2.25 (0.91–5.57) | 1.84 (0.23–4.90) | Japan |
| 2013, Westerlund [56] | 41,192 | ≥8 | ≤5 | 24.2% | 13.2 | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) | 1.05 (0.80–1.37) | Sweden |
| 2014, Ruiter Petrov [57] | 5666 | ≥9 | <6 | 5.9% | 3 | 0.96 (0.45–2.05) | 1.55 (0.82–2.91) | USA |
| 2010, Amagai [58] | 11,367 | ≥9 | <6 | 15.1% | 10.7 | 1.39 (0.92–2.10) | 2.00 (0.93–4.31) | Japan |
| 2023, Han [59] | 18,876 | ≥10 | ≤5 | 3.6% | 11.5 | 2.08 (1.44–3.01) | 1.70 (1.23–2.35) | UK |
| 2022, Cheng [60] | 261,297 | >9 | <7 | 2.4% | 10.9 | 1.22 (1.07–1.38) | 1.18 (1.11–1.25) | UK |