Table 2.
Characteristics of synthesized clinical trials.
| Study | Age, Sample Size |
Time Points of Measurement | Intervention Therapeutic Intensity |
Outcomes: Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chang et al., 2021 [15] | 74.3 ± 5.8, EG = 29; 75.7 ± 5.9, CG = 28 |
12 weeks | Exercise and nutritional intervention: exercise twice a week, nutritional interventions provided daily (two sticks of branched-chain amino acids daily and two tablets of calcium and vitamin D3 supplement daily). Control = Home exercise program. |
Muscle mass: g |
| Flor-Rufino et al., 2023 [21] | 79.9 ± 7.2, EG = 20; 79.6 ± 7.7, CG = 18 |
6 months | High-intensity resistance training: 6 exercise programs of 65 min per session twice a week for a total of 6 months. Control = Telephone follow-up to assess general health. |
Muscle mass: kg/m2 LE strength: kg Gait speed: m/s |
| Kim et al., 2016 [20] | 80.9 ± 4.2, EG 1 = 36; 81.4 ± 4.3, EG 2 = 34; 81.1 ± 5.1, CG = 34 |
3 months | EG 1 = Exercise plus nutrition EG 2 = Physical comprehensive training program; each exercise was conducted for 60 min twice a week for a total of 3 months. Control = Health education. |
Muscle mass: kg LE strength: N Gait speed: m/s |
| Liao et al., 2017 [18] | 66.4 ± 4.5, EG = 25; 68.4 ± 5.9, CG = 21 |
12 weeks | Elastic resistance exercises performed three times a week for a total of 12 weeks; each workout session included a 10 min general warm-up, resistance training (35–40 min), and finally a cool-down routine. Control = No exercise intervention provided. |
LE strength: N Gait speed: m/s |
| Lu et al., 2019 [12] | 69.8 ± 4.3, EG = 33; 71.0 ± 6.7, CG = 33 |
3 months 6 months |
Complex intervention: physical exercise, nutritional enhancement, cognitive training, and integrative interventions or standard care for 6 months Control = Standard care. |
Muscle mass: kg/m2 LE strength: kg Gait speed: s |
| Morawin et al., 2021 [14] | Mean range: 69.8 to 73.6, EG = 27 CG = 36 |
4 months 6 months |
Tai-Chi training: exercises were performed twice a week, and 2–4 exercises were added monthly. Control = Health education. |
Gait speed: m/s |
| Seo et al., 2021 [16] | 70.3 ± 5.38, EG = 12; 72.9 ± 4.75, CG = 10 |
16 weeks | Resistance training: a total of 48 sessions were provided three times per week. Each training session included a 5 min warm-up, 50 min resistance exercise, and a 5 min cool-down. Control = No exercise intervention provided. |
Muscle mass: kg Gait speed: m/s |
| Vasconcelos et al., 2016 [17] | 72 ± 4.6, EG = 14; 72 ± 3.6, CG = 14 |
10 weeks | Resistance exercise: 10-week resistance exercise program for 1 h twice per week (designed to improve lower extremity strength, power, and endurance through open and closed kinetic chain exercises) Control = Monitored by therapists once per week by phone for a 10-week period. |
Gait speed: m/s |
| Yuenyongchaiwat and Akekawatchai, 2022 [13] | 69.23 ± 6.71, EG = 28; 71.93 ± 5.19, CG = 29 |
12 weeks | Walking-based home program: the intervention program increased PA by encouraging walking, ≥7500 steps daily, for 5 days/week for a total of 12 weeks. Control = Routine daily activities. |
Muscle mass: kg/m2 Gait speed: m/s |
| Zhu et al., 2019 [19] | 74.5 ± 7.1, EG 1 = 40; 74.8 ± 6.9, EG 2 = 36; 72.2 ± 6.6, CG = 37 |
12 weeks | EG 1 = Exercise: group exercise and one home exercise twice a week for 12 weeks. EG 2 = Combined exercise program plus nutrition supplement: the nutrition supplement consisted of two sachets of Ensure NutriVigor daily from baseline to 12 weeks. Control = Waitlist. |
Muscle mass: kg/m2 LE strength: kg Gait speed: m/s |
CG—control group; EG—experimental group; LE—lower extremity.